After reading this chapter and analyzing the content, it is assumed that you can:

1. Define asexual reproduction.
   
   
2. List and describe forms of asexual reproduction in invertebrates.
   
   
3. Define sexual reproduction.
   
   
4. Explain how meiosis is key to sexual reproduction.
   
   
5. Explain why genetic mutations cause evolutionary change at a much faster rate in organisms that undergo asexual reproduction than with organisms that undergo sexual reproduction.
   
   
6. Define hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis and give examples of each.
   
   
7. Discern between ameiotic and meiotic parthenogenesis.
   
   
8. Define monoecious and dioecious.
   
   
9. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction.
   
   
10. Explain how germ cell lines pass from generation to generation.
    
    
11. Outline the steps of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
    
    
12. Compare oviparous, ovoviviparous, and viviparous animals.
    
    
13. Describe the location and function of the reproductive structures seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, mature follicle oviducts, uterus, vagina, and endometrium.
    
    
14. Distinguish between estrous and menstrual reproductive cycles.
    
    
15. List the male sex hormones and describe their function.
    
    
16. Explain the functions of GnRH, FH, LH and estrogen.
    
    
17. Explain the function of the corpus luteum in the menstrual cycle and its role if an embryo implants in the uterine wall.
    
    
18. Describe the role of hormones during human pregnancy; what hormones prepare the mammary glands for lactation.
    
    
19. Explain the difference between fraternal and identical twins.