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| 1.
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Of which of the following periods of history is classical theory a product? |
| | A) | the Middle Ages |
| | B) | the Progressive Era |
| | C) | the Enlightenment |
| | D) | the Classical Age |
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| 2.
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Which of the following is NOT true of classical criminologists? |
| | A) | they assumed that human beings could understand the world through the human capacity to observe and to reason |
| | B) | they believed that the world and the people in it were divinely-ordained or determined |
| | C) | they believed that human beings are completely responsible for their behavior |
| | D) | they believed that if you could understand the world and its functioning, then you could change it |
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| 3.
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Which of the following is NOT a key feature of positivism? |
| | A) | positivists focus on cause and effect relationships |
| | B) | positivists assume that criminals and noncriminals fundamentally are alike |
| | C) | positivists assume that social scientists (including criminologists) can be "objective" or "value-neutral" in their work |
| | D) | positivists believe that society is based on consensus, although not on a social contract |
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| 4.
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Which of the following body types is more likely to be associated with delinquency? |
| | A) | endomorphic |
| | B) | mesomorphic |
| | C) | ectomorphic |
| | D) | balanced |
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| 5.
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Which of the following methods has been employed to test the proposition that criminals are genetically different from noncriminals? |
| | A) | statistical comparisons |
| | B) | twins studies |
| | C) | adoption studies |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 6.
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Which of the following theorists might suggest that crime is a means by which some people attempt to satisfy their basic human needs? |
| | A) | Sigmund Freud |
| | B) | H.H. Goddard |
| | C) | Abraham Maslow |
| | D) | Seymour Halleck |
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| 7.
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Which of the following theorists views crime as one among several different adaptations to the helplessness caused by oppression? |
| | A) | Sigmund Freud |
| | B) | H.H. Goddard |
| | C) | Abraham Maslow |
| | D) | Seymour Halleck |
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| 8.
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What is the cause of crime for Durkheim? |
| | A) | biological inferiority |
| | B) | mental inferiority |
| | C) | anomie |
| | D) | social disorganization |
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| 9.
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Which of the following theorists argued that crime is a social fact and a normal aspect of society? |
| | A) | Emile Durkheim |
| | B) | Robert Merton |
| | C) | Edwin Sutherland |
| | D) | Karl Marx |
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| 10.
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In which of the following theories is the growth of American cities described in ecological terms--through a process of invasion, dominance, and succession? |
| | A) | anomie theory |
| | B) | functionalist theory |
| | C) | labeling theory |
| | D) | social disorganization theory |
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| 11.
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According to Merton, how do most people adapt to anomie or strain? |
| | A) | conformity |
| | B) | innovation |
| | C) | ritualism |
| | D) | retreatism |
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| 12.
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According to Merton, which adaptation to anomie or strain is at the root of most criminal behavior? |
| | A) | conformity |
| | B) | innovation |
| | C) | ritualism |
| | D) | retreatism |
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| 13.
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Who was the first twentieth century criminologist to forcefully argue that criminal behavior was learned? |
| | A) | Gabriel Tarde |
| | B) | Edwin Sutherland |
| | C) | Daniel Glaser |
| | D) | Ronald Akers |
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| 14.
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What do learning theorists call the removal or reduction of a stimulus that increases or maintains a response? |
| | A) | positive reinforcement |
| | B) | negative reinforcement |
| | C) | extinction |
| | D) | punishment |
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| 15.
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According to learning theorists, which of the following is a condition of effective punishment? |
| | A) | escape must be prevented |
| | B) | it must be applied consistently and immediately |
| | C) | extended periods of punishment should be avoided |
| | D) | all of the above are necessary conditions |
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| 16.
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For which of the following theories is the key question not why do people commit crime and delinquency, but rather why do people conform? |
| | A) | the theory of the Chicago School |
| | B) | anomie or strain theory |
| | C) | learning theory |
| | D) | social control theory |
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| 17.
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With which of the following theorists is modern social control theory most associated? |
| | A) | Albert J. Reiss |
| | B) | Jackson Toby |
| | C) | F. Ivan Nye |
| | D) | Travis Hirschi |
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| 18.
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According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, low self-control may cause people to engage in deviant behaviors, including crime and delinquency. For Gottfredson and Hirschi, what is the principal cause of low self-control? |
| | A) | social disorganization |
| | B) | poor role models |
| | C) | ineffective child rearing |
| | D) | anomie |
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| 19.
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Which of the following theories assumes that crime is a product of power differentials or relative powerlessness in society? |
| | A) | labeling theory |
| | B) | conflict theory |
| | C) | radical theory |
| | D) | social control theory |
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| 20.
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Which of the following groups of theorists argues that critical criminologists need to redirect their attention to the fear and to the very real victimization experienced by working class individuals? |
| | A) | British of left realists |
| | B) | peacemaking criminologists |
| | C) | feminist criminologists |
| | D) | traditional criminologists |
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| 21.
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The condition in which actors weigh the potential pleasure of an action versus the possible pain associated with it is ______. |
| | A) | praxis |
| | B) | ecology |
| | C) | hedonistic rationality |
| | D) | free will |
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| 22.
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The prevention of people in general or society-at-large from engaging in crime by punishing specific individuals and making examples of them is ______. |
| | A) | special or specific deterrence |
| | B) | general deterrence |
| | C) | praxis |
| | D) | utility |
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| 23.
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For Hirschi, proper socialization requires a (an) ______. It consists of (1) attachment to others, (2) commitment to conventional lines of action, (3) involvement in conventional activities, and (4) belief in the moral order and law. |
| | A) | social contract |
| | B) | bond to society |
| | C) | class struggle |
| | D) | need hierarchy |
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| 24.
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______ are people characterized by no sense of guilt; no subjective conscience; no sense of right and wrong. They have difficulty forming relationships with other people; they cannot empathize with other people. |
| | A) | Atavists |
| | B) | Psychopaths |
| | C) | Left realists |
| | D) | Peacemaking criminologists |
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| 25.
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In classical criminological thought, ______ means "the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number." |
| | A) | free will |
| | B) | social contract |
| | C) | utility |
| | D) | patriarchy |
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