| adrenal cortex | the part of the adrenal gland that secretes corticoids.
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| adrenal medulla | the inner portion of the adrenal gland that secretes catecholamines.
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| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | activates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticoid hormones.
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| aldosterone | the primary mineralocorticoid.
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| anal opening | the exit point for unusable food substances.
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| autonomic nervous system | controls such body processes as hormone balance, temperature, and width of blood vessels.
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| bracing | Unnecessary muscle tension.
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| cerebellum | part of the subcortex responsible for coordination.
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| cerebral cortex | the upper part of the brain responsible for thinking functions.
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| corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) | released by hypothalamus and results in the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone.
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| cortisol | the primary glucocorticoid.
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| diencephalon | part of the subcortex responsible for regulation of the emotions.
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| endocrine system | comprised of hormones that regulate physiological functions.
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| epinephrine | a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla.
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| esophagus | the food pipe.
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| galvanic skin response (GSR) | the electrodermal response or the electrical conductance of the skin.
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| gastrointestinal (GI) system | the body system responsible for digestion.
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| glucocorticoids | regulate metabolism of glucose.
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| gluconeogenesis | the producing of glucose from amino acids by the liver.
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| gray matter | the cerebral cortex.
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| hippocampus | part of the brain that "sounds the alarm" when stress is present.
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| hydrochloric acid | a substance found in the digestive system that helps break down food for digestion.
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| hypothalamus | part of the diencephalon that activates the autonomic nervous system.
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| large intestine | part of the digestive system that receives unusable food substances from the small intestine.
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| limbic system | produces emotions; the "seat of emotions."
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| medulla oblongata | part of the subcortex responsible for the regulation of the heartbeat and breathing.
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| mineralocorticoids | regulate the balance between sodium and potassium.
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| norepinephrine | a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla.
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| oxytocin | a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland.
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| parasympathetic nervous system | part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for conserving energy.
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| pons | part of the subcortex responsible for regulating sleep.
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| reticular activating system (RAS) | a network of nerves that connects the mind and the body.
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| saliva | substance in the mouth that starts to break down food.
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| skeletal muscles | muscles attached to bones.
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| small intestine | part of the digestive system into which the esophagus empties.
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| smooth muscles | muscles that control the contraction of internal organs.
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| subcortex | the lower part of the brain responsible for various physiological processes necessary to stay alive.
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| sympathetic nervous system | part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for expending energy.
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| thalamus | part of the diencephalon that relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex.
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| thyroid gland | an endocrine gland that secretes the hormone thyroxin.
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| thyrotropic hormone (TTH) | stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin.
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| thyrotropic hormone releasing factor (TRF) | released by hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete thyrotropic hormone.
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| vasopressin (ADH) | a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland.
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