For each of the following brief research scenarios, identify the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV). Then, identify whether the independent variable is manipulated or selected.

1			A researcher asks directions from students walking alone and from pairs of students walking together on campus. Another researcher discretely measures the amount of eye contact made by the students who are confronted to test a hypothesis about social confidence in the presence of others. _______ a. students walking alone or in pairs _______ b. amount of eye contact
2			Children from three different grade levels (1st, 3rd, 5th) are presented a moral dilemma (involving a hungry person who steals food) as a test of their moral reasoning ability. _______ a. grade levels (1st, 3rd, 5th) _______ b. moral reasoning ability as measured from child's response to moral dilemma
3			A clinical psychologist uses two different "prompting methods" with adult patients to determine whether the methods differ in the degree to which memories of childhood abuse are elicited from the patients. _______ a. degree to which memories of childhood abuse are elicited from patients _______ b. two different "prompting methods"
4			Employees at a manufacturing plant are asked to work under three different levels of illumination during a month-long study of worker productivity. _______ a. worker productivity _______ b. three different levels of illumination