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| 1 | |
Psychologists use the experimental method to meet the third goal of psychological research, explanation. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 2 | |
The two methods for eliminating alternative explanations for a causal inference are holding conditions constant and placebo control. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 3 | |
Researchers are able to satisfy the first two steps of making a causal inference, covariation and time-order relationship, when they manipulate an independent variable and measure a dependent variable. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 4 | |
An experiment is said to have external validity when the three conditions for making a causal inference are met. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 5 | |
The control procedure of holding conditions constant assures that participants in the different conditions of an experiment are similar in terms of their personal characteristics. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 6 | |
When a potential independent variable is allowed to covary with the independent variable (i.e., it is not controlled), we can say that internal validity is present. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 7 | |
The best experimental design for balancing participants' individual differences is the random groups design. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 8 | |
Random assignment is used to average characteristics of participants across the conditions of an independent groups design. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 9 | |
Block randomization controls for time-related variables associated with conducting an experiment, while also balancing participants' individual differences across the experimental conditions. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 10 | |
Extraneous variables are impossible to control; instead, researchers explain why these variables could not have influenced the results of an experiment. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 11 | |
Selective subject loss is more likely to destroy the comparability of randomly formed groups than is mechanical subject loss. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 12 | |
The advantage of a double-blind procedure is that it controls for demand characteristics and experimenter effects. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 13 | |
The statistic used to indicate the strength of a relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable is called the standard deviation. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 14 | |
A measure of effect size, Cohen's d, compares two groups' mean performance on a dependent variable measure relative to the average variability of all the participants' scores. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 15 | |
Inferential statistics allow researchers to make definitive conclusions about the effect of their independent variable. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 16 | |
A null hypothesis states that any difference between two conditions in an experiment is due to chance or "error variation." |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 17 | |
When making inferences based on confidence intervals, researchers examine whether the intervals for population means overlap or do not overlap. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 18 | |
We can determine whether an experiment has internal validity by examining the statistical significance of the findings. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 19 | |
Type I and Type II errors occur because researchers rely on probabilities to make inferences about the effects of their independent variables. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 20 | |
To establish external validity of their findings, researchers must replicate the exact manipulations with exactly the same population. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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