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| 1 | Members of the vertebrate subphylum _____________ include the hagfishes. |
 | A) | Hyperotreti |
| B) | Cephalaspidomorphi |
| C) | Vertebrata |
| D) | Chondrichthyes |
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| 2 | Members of the vertebrate class ____________ include the sharks, skates, and rays. |
| A) | Osteichthyes |
| B) | Cephalaspidomorphi |
| C) | Placodermi |
| D) | Chondrichthyes |
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| 3 | The class ___________ is made of two subclasses: Actinopterygii (the ray-finned fishes) and Sarcopterygii (the lobe-finned fishes). |
| A) | Amphibia |
| B) | Cephalaspidomorphi |
| C) | Chondrichthyes |
| D) | Osteichthyes |
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| 4 | Ammocoete larvae would be found |
| A) | as planktonic inhabitants of the open ocean. |
| B) | partially buried, filter feeding in coastal waters. |
| C) | partially buried, filter feeding in a freshwater stream or river. |
| D) | attached to a host fish. |
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| 5 | Adult members of the subphylum Hyperotreti |
| A) | are predators of fish. |
| B) | are scavengers, feeding on dead and dying fish. |
| C) | feed on algae attached to rocks and other substrates. |
| D) | are filter feeders. |
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| 6 | Members of which of the following vertebrate subclasses is believed to have given rise to ancient amphibians? |
| A) | Actinopterygii |
| B) | Sarcopterygii |
| C) | Elasmobranchii |
| D) | Holocephali |
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| 7 | A vascular network that allows gases to move from the blood stream into a fish's swim bladder is called the |
| A) | pneumatic duct. |
| B) | ovale. |
| C) | rete mirabile. |
| D) | glomerulus. |
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| 8 | Gases are reabsorbed into the blood stream from a swim bladder at the |
| A) | pneumatic duct. |
| B) | ovale. |
| C) | rete mirabile. |
| D) | glomerulus. |
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| 9 | The lateral line system may function in all of the following except one. Select the exception. |
| A) | detecting water currents |
| B) | detecting predators or prey that may be causing water movements |
| C) | buoyancy regulation |
| D) | detecting low-frequency sounds |
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| 10 | Blood flows from the conus ateriosus of the heart of a fish toward the |
| A) | gills. |
| B) | ventricle. |
| C) | kidneys. |
| D) | tail. |
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| 11 | All of the following are adaptations of freshwater fish for osmoregulation except one. Select the exception. |
| A) | excreting hypotonic urine |
| B) | actively transporting salts out of the blood at the gills |
| C) | not drinking water |
| D) | nephrons with large glomeruli and short tubule systems |
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| 12 | Most fishes excrete ______ as the primary nitrogenous byproduct of protein metabolism. |
| A) | ammonia |
| B) | urea |
| C) | uric acid |
| D) | creatine |
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| 13 | Diadromous fishes |
| A) | live in murky environments and often rely on electroreception to detect objects in their environment. |
| B) | possess both lungs and gills. |
| C) | are open ocean fishes that force water over their gills through ram ventilation. |
| D) | migrate between freshwater and marine environments. |
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| 14 | ___________ are thought to be a part of the evolutionary lineage leading to terrestrial vertebrates. |
| A) | Osteoleptifom fishes |
| B) | Lungfishes |
| C) | Elasmobranchii |
| D) | Actinopterygii |
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| 15 | Members of the subphylum Vertebrata include all of the following except one. Select the exception. |
| A) | Hagfishes |
| B) | Cartilaginous fishes |
| C) | Ostracoderms |
| D) | Bony fishes |
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| 16 | Gnathostomata is a monophyletic grouping and includes all of the following except one. Select the exception. |
| A) | Lampreys |
| B) | Cartilaginous fishes |
| C) | Bony fishes |
| D) | Tetrapods |
| E) | Placoderms |
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| 17 | Blood and water move in opposite directions on either side of a gill lamellar epithelium. This movement provides very efficient gas exchange between blood and water and is called a countercurrent exchange mechanism. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 18 | Sharks, skates, and rays regulate buoyancy using a swim bladder with a pneumatic duct connected to the esophagus. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 19 | All members of the class Chondrichthyes possess placoid scales and lack an operculum. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 20 | Lungfishes are probably the direct ancestors of the terrestrial vertebrates, according to recent evidence. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 21 | Blood flows through the heart of a fish in the following sequence: conus arteriosus, ventricle, atrium, sinus venosus, ventral aorta. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 22 | All fishes have a heart with a single, undivided ventricle and a single, undivided atrium. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 23 | Some elasmobranchs and open ocean fishes force water over their gills by holding their mouth open while swimming. This method of gill ventilation is called ram ventilation. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 24 | Most zoologists believe that swim bladders, like those found in modern bony fishes, were the forerunner of lungs. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 25 | The tissues of a shark are isosmotic with seawater because of the accumulation of urea in body tissues. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 26 | The limbs of some fossil sarcopterygian fishes show structural homologies with the limbs of tetrapods. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |