| big bands | Popular dance ensembles of the 1930s and 1940s, consisting of from twelve to eighteen players.
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| swing | A term with many meanings, including ( a) a mood of lilting spontaneity; ( b) a danceable music played by the big bands in the 1930s and 1940s.
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| reeds | Wind instruments in which the player causes small, flexible pieces of material called reeds to vibrate. Clarinets and saxophones are singlereed instruments; oboes and bassoons have double reeds.
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| jam | To improvise together with other members of an ensemble.
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| Kansas City jazz | A light, spacious, relaxed style based on melodic riffs.
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| riff | A repeated melodic or rhythmic pattern that provides unity in a jazz composition.
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| walking bass | A steadily moving pattern in the plucked string bass, having melodic as well as rhythmic implications.
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| bebop | A complex, highly improvised jazz style, largely developed by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie.
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| concerto | A multimovement work for orchestra plus solo instrument.
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| progressive jazz | A symphonic approach to jazz, introduced by Stan Kenton.
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| atonal | With no tonic note and no tonal relationships.
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| polytonal | In two or more keys at the same time.
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| irregular meters | Meters other than duple, triple, or quadruple. (Usually five or seven beats to the bar.)
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| cool | A jazz style introduced about 1950 for large bands including some symphonic instruments.
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| vibrato | A slight variation in pitch adding warmth and intensity to vocal or instrumental sounds.
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| hard bop | A style combining rock-related rhythms with gospel.
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