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1 | |
According to the text, parents reinforce stereotyped gender roles for their children. That is: |
| | A) | parents encourage independence in boys and dependence in girls. |
| | B) | parents treat their children as children. |
| | C) | parents follow nature's dictates: boys are assertive and girls are passive. |
| | D) | actually, parents no longer do this; it is outmoded child-rearing. |
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2 | |
In Carol Gilligan's early research, she found that girls and boys differ in moral reasoning. That is: |
| | A) | girls are competitive and boys are cooperative. |
| | B) | girls are by nature more likely to be "good" than are boys. |
| | C) | boys understand the nature of justice and girls do not. |
| | D) | girls develop an emphasis on relationships and boys develop and emphasis on fairness. |
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3 | |
Martha is 15. She has just killed her stepfather, who had been sexually abusing her for several years. She threw a pan full of boiling water at his face, then stabbed him seven times. To Lombroso and Ferrero, |
| | A) | Martha is a monster. |
| | B) | Martha's innate female qualities should have shielded her from crime; she must, therefore, have an excess of testosterone. |
| | C) | the sexual abuse was probably just an adolescent's fantasies run wild, rather than a real problem. |
| | D) | Martha should be institutionalized for her mental illness. |
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4 | |
It can be argued that, until very recently, theories of "crime" or "delinquency" have stressed the causal role of _____, while theories of "female crime" or "female delinquency" have stressed the causal role of _____. |
| | A) | social forces; biology and development |
| | B) | testosterone; estrogen |
| | C) | free will; neurosis |
| | D) | social forces; gender roles |
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5 | |
In Konopka's book The Adolescent Girl in Conflict, she argues that: |
| | A) | female delinquency is a reflection of girls' unwillingness to take on traditional roles. |
| | B) | if females are not educated, they engage in property crime. |
| | C) | the relationship between girls and their fathers is the most important predictor of future delinquency. |
| | D) | the origins of a girl's delinquency can be found in negative experiences in her family. |
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6 | |
In Ruth Morris's exploration of Merton's strain theory, she argues that: |
| | A) | women do not experience strains in their quest for material goods and, therefore, do not turn to crime. |
| | B) | women have different aspirations from men and more accessible goals. |
| | C) | the retreatist and ritualist adaptations do not apply to women's lives. |
| | D) | women can be analyzed as societal "rebels" when they commit crimes. |
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7 | |
In Broidy and Agnew's extension of strain theory, female and male delinquency is different in that |
| | A) | males and females are different by nature. |
| | B) | males experience strains that lead to property crimes and violence and females' strains lead to domestic violence and running away. |
| | C) | males' strains are easier to measure scientifically. |
| | D) | males experience strain at home and females experience strain at school. |
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8 | |
Cloward and Ohlin were concerned with gender when they argued that: |
| | A) | girls find opportunities in gang delinquency which are denied them in the larger social structure. |
| | B) | boys struggle to develop masculinity in female-dominated homes and schools. |
| | C) | females contribute to male delinquency by making it difficult for boys to learn the male role. |
| | D) | it is easy for girls to take on the female role; they experience no strain. |
| | E) | b, c, and d |
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9 | |
According to Messerschmidt, girls are less likely than boys to be involved in serious delinquency because: |
| | A) | they have naturally stronger moral senses. |
| | B) | they are socialized to develop stronger consciences. |
| | C) | they have less opportunity to do so, even in the illegitimate structure. |
| | D) | "crime" is usually a behavior involving "masculine" traits. |
| | E) | c and d |
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10 | |
Chesney-Lind and Morash have found that: |
| | A) | both boys and girls can develop an ethic of care and nurturing that makes delinquency less likely in either sex. |
| | B) | family-related sexual abuse is an overlooked causal variable in female delinquency. |
| | C) | girls are less likely to be delinquent because they are inherently more ethical than boys. |
| | D) | the juvenile justice system reinforces patriarchal beliefs about girls. |
| | E) | a, b, and d |
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2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education