| "bad patient" role | Describes an individual who complains to the staff, demands attention, disobeys staff orders, and generally misbehaves.
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| antianxiety drugs | Commonly known as tranquilizers. These drugs reduce anxiety by making individuals calmer and less excitable.
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| antidepressant drugs | Drugs that regulate mood.
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| antipsychotic drugs | Powerful drugs that diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep patterns in individuals who have a severe psychological disorder, especially schizophrenia.
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| aversive conditioning | A classical conditioning treatment that consists of repeated pairings of the undesirable behavior with aversive stimuli to decrease the behavior's rewards.
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| behavior modification | The application of operant conditioning principles to change human behaviors, especially to replace unacceptable, maladaptive behaviors with acceptable, adaptive behaviors.
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| behavior therapies | Use principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior.
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| biological therapies | Treatments to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering the way an individual's body functions.
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| catharsis | The psychoanalytic term for the release of emotional tension a person experiences when reliving an emotionally charged and conflicting experience.
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| client-centered therapy | Rogers' humanistic therapy in which the therapist provides a warm, supportive atmosphere to improve the client's self-concept and encourage the client to gain insight about problems.
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| cognitive therapies | Emphasize that individuals' cognitions or thoughts are the main source of abnormal behavior and psychological problems.
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| cognitive-behavior therapy | Consists of a combination of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy; self-efficacy is an important goal of cognitive-behavior therapy.
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| couples therapy | Therapy with married or unmarried couples whose major problem is their relationship.
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| dream analysis | The psychotherapeutic technique used by psychoanalysts to interpret a person's dream. Psychoanalysts believe dreams contain information about the individual's unconscious thoughts and conflicts.
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| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | Commonly called shock therapy, this treatment is used mainly to treat severely depressed individuals. It causes a seizure in the brain.
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| family therapy | Group therapy with family members.
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| free association | The psychoanalytic technique of having individuals say aloud whatever comes to mind.
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| Gestalt therapy | Perls' humanistic therapy in which the therapist challenges clients to help them become more aware of their feelings and face their problems.
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| humanistic therapies | Encourages people to understand themselves and to grow personally. The humanistic therapies are unique in their emphasis on self-healing capacities.
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| insight therapy | Encourages insight and self-awareness; includes both psychodynamic and humanistic therapies, because they encourage insight and self-awareness.
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| integrative therapy | A combination of techniques from different therapies based on the therapist's judgment of which particular techniques will provide the greatest benefit for the client.
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| lithium | A drug that is widely used to treat bipolar disorder.
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| meta-analysis | Statistical analysis that combines the results of many different studies.
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| psychoanalysis | Freud's psychotherapeutic technique for analyzing an individual's unconscious thoughts. Freud believed that clients' current problems could be traced to childhood experiences, involving conflicts about sexuality.
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| psychodynamic therapies | Stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of the early childhood years. The goal of the psychodynamic therapies is to help individuals recognize their maladaptive ways of coping and the sources of their unconscious conflicts.
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| psychosurgery | A biological therapy that involves removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve the individual's adjustment.
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| psychotherapy | The process used by mental health professionals to help individuals recognize, define, and overcome their psychological and interpersonal difficulties.
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| rational-emotive behavior therapy(REBT) | Based on Albert Ellis' assertion that individuals develop a psychological disorder because of their beliefs, especially those that are irrational and self-defeating; the goal of REBT is to get the person to eliminate self-defeating beliefs by rationally examining them.
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| resistance | The psychoanalytic term for the person's unconscious defense strategies that prevent the analyst from understanding the person's problems.
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| systematic desensitization | A method of behavior therapy based on classical conditioning that treats anxiety by getting the person to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety-producing situations.
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| transference | The psychoanalytic term for the person's relating to the analyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships in the individual's life.
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