| archetypes | The name Jung gave to the emotionally laden ideas and images in the collective unconscious that have rich meaning for all people.
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| big five factors of personality | The "supertraits" that consist of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (or emotional stability).
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| classical conditioning | A learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a response similar to the response to the meaningful stimulus.
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| collective unconscious | Jung's term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past.
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| collectivism | Emphasizes values that serve the group by subordinating personal goals to preserve group integrity and relationships.
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| defense mechanisms | The ego's protective methods for reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
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| ego | The Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality.
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| empirically keyed test | Relies on its items to predict some criterion.
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| extinction | In operant conditioning, this process occurs when a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced and the tendency to perform the behavior decreases.
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| hierarchy of needs | Maslow's concept that states that individuals' main needs follow this sequence: physiological, safety, love and belongingness, and self-actualization.
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| humanistic perspectives | Stress a person's capacity for personal growth, freedom to choose one's own destiny, and positive human qualities.
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| id | The Freudian structure of personality that consists of instincts and is the individual's reservoir of psychic energy.
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| individual psychology | The term for Adler's approach, which views people as motivated by purposes and goals, being creators of their own lives.
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| individualism | Gives priority to personal goals rather than group goals; it emphasizes values that serve the self, such as feeling good, personal achievement and distinction, and independence.
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| locus of control | Refers to whether individuals believe that the outcomes of their actions depend on what they do (internal control) or on events outside of their personal control (external control).
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | The most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test.
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| observational learning | Also called imitation or modeling, the learning process that occurs when a person observes and imitates someone else's behavior.
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| Oedipus complex | In Freud's theory, the young child's development of an intense desire to replace the parent of the same sex and enjoy the affections of the opposite-sex parent.
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| operant conditioning | Also called instrumental conditioning, this learning process occurs when the consequences of the behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.
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| personality | A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.
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| projective test | Personality assessment tool that presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and then asks them to describe it or tell a story about it; based on the assumption that the ambiguity of the stimulus allows individuals to project their feelings, desires, needs, and attitudes onto it.
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| psychodynamic perspectives | View personality as being primarily unconscious (that is, beyond awareness) and as developing in stages. Most psychodynamic perspectives emphasize that early experiences with parents play an important role in sculpting the individual's personality.
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| punishment | Refers to a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
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| reciprocal determinism | Bandura's view that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality.
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| reinforcement | The learning process by which a stimulus or event that follows a behavior increases the probability that the behavior will occur again.
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| Rorschach inkblot test | A widely used projective test; it uses an individual's perception of the inkblots to determine his or her personality.
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| self-actualization | The highest need in Maslow's hierarchy that involves the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being.
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| self-efficacy | The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes.
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| self-report tests | Also called objective tests or inventories, they directly ask people whether items describe them or not.
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| social cognitive theory | States that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are important in understanding personality.
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| superego | The Freudian structure of personality that deals with morality.
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | A projective test designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality.
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| trait | An enduring characteristic that tends to lead to certain behaviors.
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| trait theories | State that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions that lead to characteristic responses.
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| unconditional positive regard | Rogers' term for accepting, valuing, and being positive toward another person regardless of the person's behavior.
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