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1

The cost to the U.S. of complying with environmental regulations is less than the cost of complying with all other forms of social and economic regulation combined.
A)True
B)False
2

Public exposure to toxic substances is usually lower than the exposure of workers.
A)True
B)False
3

The EPA makes the assumption that, in the absence of rigorous low-dose data, risk estimates in extrapolations should be based on the linear curve.
A)True
B)False
4

Risk decisions should be based solely on scientific findings.
A)True
B)False
5

Risk management emphasizes regulation of pollutants and health risks.
A)True
B)False
6

The scientific process of discovering and weighing the dangers posed by an activity is known as:
A)risk management.
B)hazard identification.
C)dose-response assessment.
D)risk assessment.
7

The process of deciding what action to take in terms of the specific risks of an activity is known as:
A)risk management.
B)dose-response assessment.
C)hazard identification.
D)risk assessment.
8

Establishing a link between a chemical substance and disease is known as:
A)hazard assessment.
B)risk management.
C)risk assessment.
D)all of the above
9

A quantitative estimate of how toxic a substance is to humans at increasing levels of exposure is known as:
A)risk management.
B)dose-response assessment.
C)risk assessment.
D)all of the above
10

The study of how much of a substance people absorb through inhalation, ingestion, or skin is known as:
A)risk assessment.
B)risk management.
C)exposure assessment.
D)dose-response assessment.
11

An overall conclusion about the dangers of a substance is known as:
A)risk assessment.
B)risk management.
C)dose-response assessment.
D)risk characterization.
12

Risk assessment attempts to use _____ science, while risk management tries to base decisions on ______ .
A)hard science; the social sciences
B)the social sciences; hard science
C)soft science; hard science
D)none of the above
13

The calculation of the costs and benefits of a proposed action are known as:
A)risk assessment.
B)cost-benefit analysis.
C)risk characterization.
D)risk management.
14

Asking people's opinions about how much of a dollar amount to place on the value of nature is called:
A)contingent valuation.
B)risk management.
C)risk assessment.
D)risk characterization.
15

An incentive provided at the time of purchase in terms of a refundable charge if the product is recycled after use is part of:
A)the EPA.
B)command-and-control regulation.
C)flexible regulation.
D)deposit-and-refund laws.
16

When a manufacturer of car batteries is required to "take-back" the product after its useful life, this is an example of a(n):
A)product take-back program.
B)risk management.
C)risk assessment.
D)risk characterization.
17

Another term for emission trading programs is:
A)product take-back programs.
B)cap-and-trade programs.
C)command-and-control regulation.
D)deposit-and-refund program.
18

A program hat sets an overall limit on emissions of a pollutant is part of a(n):
A)social program.
B)emission trading program.
C)command-and-control program.
D)flexible program.
19

When proactive companies set up methods for aligning corporate strategies and policies with principles that protect ecosystems, this is an example of a(n):
A)command-and-control program.
B)flexible program.
C)EMS.
D)market incentive program.
20

When industrial activity creates a risk to human health or ecosystems, the call for restraint is based on:
A)the precautionary principle.
B)the command-and-control principle.
C)the risk maximization principle.
D)the risk minimization principle.





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