in spelling, the letter "i" usually comes before "e," except after "c"
"silent E" rule
in spelling, if a word ends in a silent (unpronounced) "e," drop the "e" before adding an ending that starts with a vowel
"Y" rule
in spelling, the final "y" of a word become "i" when both of the following are present: 1) the last two letter of the word are a consonant plus "y"; and 2) the ending being added begins with a vowel or is "-ful," "-ly," or "-ness."
"doubling" rule
the final consonant of a word is doubled before endings when all three of the following are present: 1) the last three letters of the word are a consonant, vowel, and a consonant; 2) the word is only one syllable or accented on the last syllable; and 3) the ending being added begins with a vowel
