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| 1 | |
U-235 and U-238 are examples of |
| | A) | allotropes of uranium. |
| | B) | isotopes of uranium. |
| | C) | isomers of uranium. |
| | D) | different elements. |
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| 2 | |
The U-238 nucleus contains ____ protons and ____ neutrons. |
| | A) | 92, 235 |
| | B) | 92, 143 |
| | C) | 143, 92 |
| | D) | 235, 92 |
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| 3 | |
Nuclear reactions differ from chemical reactions in that |
| | A) | energy is not conserved in nuclear reactions but is conserved in chemical reactions. |
| | B) | atoms can change identity in nuclear reactions but cannot in chemical reactions. |
| | C) | outer electrons are exchanged in nuclear reactions but not in chemical reactions. |
| | D) | the energy changes associated with nuclear reactions are typically much smaller than energy changes in chemical reactions. |
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| 4 | |
Natural sources of ionizing radiation do not include |
| | A) | uranium. |
| | B) | cosmic rays. |
| | C) | diagnostic x-rays. |
| | D) | radon. |
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| 5 | |
When radon-222 emits an alpha particle, a new nucleus is produced. In comparison to radon-222, this new nucleus has ________ mass number and _________ atomic number. |
| | A) | the same, the same |
| | B) | the same, a different |
| | C) | a different, a different |
| | D) | a different, the same |
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| 6 | |
Strontium-90 (atomic number = 38) decays by beta emission. The atomic number of the resulting nucleus is ___________ and its atomic mass is _________. |
| | A) | 37, 90 |
| | B) | 38, 90 |
| | C) | 39, 90 |
| | D) | 39, 91 |
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| 7 | |
Which model offers a reasonable explanation for the process of beta decay? |
| | A) | A gamma ray becomes a neutron and a proton. The neutron is emitted, and the proton remains in the nucleus. |
| | B) | A proton becomes an electron and a neutron. The electron is emitted and the neutron remains in the nucleus. |
| | C) | An electron from the nucleus is emitted. |
| | D) | A neutron becomes an electron and a proton. The electron is emitted, and the proton remains in the nucleus. |
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| 8 | |
The half-life of C-14 is 5470 years. If a particular archeological sample has three-quarters of its original radioactivity remaining, what is the best estimate for its age? |
| | A) | 1430 years |
| | B) | 2860 years |
| | C) | 4290 years |
| | D) | 5720 years |
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| 9 | |
Assuming that no new C-14 was added, after how many half-lives would the level of the radioactivity in a sample of C-14 drop to less than 1% of its initial value? |
| | A) | 4 |
| | B) | 5 |
| | C) | 6 |
| | D) | 7 |
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| 10 | |
Which isotope is not in the natural decay series of U-238? |
| | A) | radon-222 |
| | B) | plutonium-239 |
| | C) | lead-206 |
| | D) | all three are in the natural decay series of U-238. |
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| 11 | |
Once initiated by a neutron, the fission of U-235 can proceed by many pathways. One pathway produces Sr-90, three neutrons, and an isotope of the element _____. |
| | A) | antimony (Sb) |
| | B) | plutonium (Pu) |
| | C) | thorium (Th) |
| | D) | xenon (Xe) |
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| 12 | |
In the U.S., the largest non-natural source of a person’s annual dose of radiation is |
| | A) | consumer products, such as smoke detectors. |
| | B) | fallout from testing of nuclear weapons. |
| | C) | X-rays used for medical purposes. |
| | D) | radiation from nuclear power plants. |
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| 13 | |
Technetium-99 does not occur naturally, but can be produced from molybdenum-98. What is the missing particle in this nuclear equation?
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| | A) | a neutron |
| | B) | an alpha particle |
| | C) | a beta particle |
| | D) | a proton |
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| 14 | |
Which represents the process of nuclear fission? |
| | A) |  <![CDATA[<a onClick="window.open('/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=jpg::::/sites/dl/free/0073048763/232425/Ch7_SQ2_eq1.jpg','popWin', 'width=NaN,height=NaN,resizable,scrollbars');" href="#"><img valign="absmiddle" height="16" width="16" border="0" src="/olcweb/styles/shared/linkicons/image.gif"> (3.0K)</a>]]>
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| | B) |  <![CDATA[<a onClick="window.open('/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=jpg::::/sites/dl/free/0073048763/232425/Ch7_SQ2_eq2.jpg','popWin', 'width=NaN,height=NaN,resizable,scrollbars');" href="#"><img valign="absmiddle" height="16" width="16" border="0" src="/olcweb/styles/shared/linkicons/image.gif"> (2.0K)</a>]]>
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| | C) |  <![CDATA[<a onClick="window.open('/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=jpg::::/sites/dl/free/0073048763/232425/Ch7_SQ2_eq3.jpg','popWin', 'width=NaN,height=NaN,resizable,scrollbars');" href="#"><img valign="absmiddle" height="16" width="16" border="0" src="/olcweb/styles/shared/linkicons/image.gif"> (3.0K)</a>]]>
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| | D) |  <![CDATA[<a onClick="window.open('/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=jpg::::/sites/dl/free/0073048763/232425/Ch7_SQ2_eq4.jpg','popWin', 'width=NaN,height=NaN,resizable,scrollbars');" href="#"><img valign="absmiddle" height="16" width="16" border="0" src="/olcweb/styles/shared/linkicons/image.gif"> (4.0K)</a>]]> |
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| 15 | |
Via a series of chemical reactions that start with uranium ore, enriched fuel can be produced for a nuclear reactor. Which series represents a possible pathway? |
| | A) | uranium ore→ UO2 → UF6 → UF4 |
| | B) | uranium ore → UF4→ UF6→ UO2 |
| | C) | uranium ore → UF6→ UF4 → UO2 |
| | D) | uranium ore → UF4→ UO2 → UF6 |
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| 16 | |
This diagram shows the reactor core in a typical nuclear power plant. What else is inside a typical containment building in addition to the reactor core?
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| | A) | turbines for feeding steam to the generator |
| | B) | condenser cooling system |
| | C) | borated water storage tank |
| | D) | steam generators |
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| 17 | |
Which is not a characteristic of both nuclear power plants and coal-fired power plants? |
| | A) | Steam is used to drive a turbine. |
| | B) | Cooling water is required. |
| | C) | The fuel is combusted. |
| | D) | Mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. |
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| 18 | |
The countries generating the highest percentage of their electricity with nuclear power are located in |
| | A) | North America. |
| | B) | Asia. |
| | C) | Europe. |
| | D) | Africa. |
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| 19 | |
Many feel the future will hold an increased reliance on nuclear power for producing electricity in the U.S. Which factor(s) support that view?
I. Good safety record in U.S.
II. Need to reduce reliance on fossil fuels
III. Potential for catastrophic accidents
IV. No long-range shortage of fuel for nuclear reactors
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| | A) | I and II only |
| | B) | II, III, and IV only |
| | C) | I and IV only |
| | D) | all of these |
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| 20 | |
Dose-response curves model the response (such as cancer) to a given dose of ionizing radiation. The linear nonthreshold dose-response curve |
| | A) | treats the response as a linear function of exposure, even at very low doses. |
| | B) | shows that only high doses can produce a response such as cancer. |
| | C) | shows that low doses cannot produce a response such as cancer. |
| | D) | proposes a threshold of exposure, below which there is no adverse effect. |
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