Global Perspective: The Price War

Pricing Policy

Pricing Objectives

Parallel Imports

Approaches to International Pricing

Full-Cost versus Variable-Cost Pricing

Skimming versus Penetration Pricing

Price Escalation

Costs of Exporting

Taxes, Tariffs, and Administrative Costs

Inflation

Deflation

Exchange Rate Fluctuations

Varying Currency Values

Middleman and Transportation Costs

Sample Effects of Price Escalation

Approaches to Reducing Price Escalation

Lowering Cost of Goods

Lowering Tariffs

Lowering Distribution Costs

Using Foreign Trade Zones to Lessen Price Escalation

Dumping

Leasing in International Markets

Countertrade as a Pricing Tool

Types of Countertrade

Problems of Countertrading

The Internet and Countertrading

Proactive Countertrade Strategy

Transfer Pricing Strategy

Price Quotations

Administered Pricing

Cartels

Government-Influenced Pricing