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| 1 | Freshwater fish and amphibians actively drink water, whereas marine fish do not drink water. |
 | A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 2 | Elasmobranchs have hypertonic body fluids due to unusually high accumulations of trimethlamine oxide (TMAO) and magnesium sulfate. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 3 | With respect to their environmental medium, most marine invertebrates would be… |
| A) | Hypertonic |
| B) | Hypotonic |
| C) | Isotonic |
| D) | Ginantonic |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 4 | Organisms that are not able to withstand a wide variation in the salinity of their medium are called… |
| A) | Stenohaline |
| B) | Euryhaline |
| C) | Eurythermal |
| D) | Salt regulators |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 5 | In some desert rodents, gain of water via metabolic oxidation of foodstuffs may constitute a very significant proportion of their water balance. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 6 | Reptiles and birds excrete their nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid perhaps because it is nontoxic and can be excreted with little water loss. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 7 | When fish first invaded fresh water what would have been their major osmotic problem? |
| A) | Water loss |
| B) | Water influx |
| C) | Salt intake |
| D) | Influx of phosphate ions |
| E) | Influx of calcium ions |
|
| 8 | Amphibians may absorb salts from the medium in which they live via their… |
| A) | Gills |
| B) | Kidneys |
| C) | Skin |
| D) | Rectal glands |
| E) | Mesonephridia |
|
| 9 | Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the pancreas, which controls sodium reabsorption by the nephron. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 10 | The metanephridium is an open, or “true” Nephridium. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 11 | The antennal glands of crustaceans are excretory systems that lack nephrostomes. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 12 | When the osmotic risks are considered, a marine fish might be likened to… |
| A) | A freshwater fish |
| B) | A freshwater amphibian |
| C) | A desert-dwelling mammal |
| D) | A freshwater mammal such as a beaver |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 13 | Which of the following acts to expel excess water from protozoans and freshwater sponges? |
| A) | Flame cells |
| B) | Protonephridia |
| C) | Lysosomes |
| D) | Contractile vacuoles |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 14 | The excretory system of a planarian is of which type? |
| A) | Mesonephridial |
| B) | Metanephridial |
| C) | Protonephridial |
| D) | Ananephridial |
| E) | Mononephridial |
|
| 15 | The “flame” of a flame cell refers to the… |
| A) | Flagellar tuft |
| B) | Contractile vacuole |
| C) | Nephric tubule |
| D) | Nephrostome |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 16 | Uric acid is excreted by Malpighian tubules in some spiders and insects. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 17 | The archinephros is known as the ancestral kidney, and is found in the embryos of hagfish and caecilians. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 18 | Blood enters the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole and exits via the efferent arteriole. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 19 | Which of the following serves as the functional kidney of adult amniotes? |
| A) | Mesonephros |
| B) | Metanephros |
| C) | Pronephros |
| D) | Archinephros |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 20 | The most advanced type of kidney has a unique duct not found in other types of kidneys, the… |
| A) | Labyrinth |
| B) | Nephrostome |
| C) | Cloaca |
| D) | Ureter |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 21 | The portion of the nephron that initially receives the filtrate from the glomerulus is the… |
| A) | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| B) | Loop of Henle |
| C) | Renal pelvis |
| D) | Bowman’s capsule |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 22 | Which of the following is the correct order for the passage of urine? |
| A) | Collecting duct, bladder, renal pelvis, and ureter |
| B) | Bladder, renal pelvis, collecting duct, and ureter |
| C) | Collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, and bladder |
| D) | Collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, and bladder |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 23 | Tubular reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule results from… |
| A) | Diffusion |
| B) | Active transport |
| C) | A pressure differential |
| D) | A temperature gradient |
| E) | Facilitated diffusion |
|
| 24 | Glomerular filtration is based on diffusion and active transport. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 25 | Animals that are poikilothermic are also typically endothermic; animals that are homeothermic are typically ectothermic. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 26 | To avoid desert heat, animals may become nocturnal or endolithic. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 27 | Birds and reptiles produce solid crystals of uric acid as an excretory product. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 28 | Brown fat is associated with nonshivering thermogenesis. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 29 | Ectotherms may maintain a relatively stable level of metabolic activity over a range of seasonal temperature changes by… |
| A) | Oxidation of brown fat |
| B) | Shivering thermogenesis |
| C) | Nonshivering thermogenesis |
| D) | Temperature compensation |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 30 | Endothermy is maintained by heat production primarily via cellular metabolism and … |
| A) | Conduction |
| B) | Respiratory evaporation |
| C) | Muscular contraction |
| D) | Gular flutter |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 31 | Desert animals would be expected to produce… |
| A) | Copious urine and dry feces |
| B) | Concentrated urine and dry feces |
| C) | Copious urine and increased conductance |
| D) | Concentrated urine and nonshivering thermogenesis |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 32 | A desert animal would be expected to have… |
| A) | Light-colored fur |
| B) | Much brown fat |
| C) | An annual hibernation cycle |
| D) | Short loops of Henle in the nephron |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 33 | Small mammals living in very cold environments rely of thick fur for insulation. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 34 | A small mammal, such as a bat, may drop its body temperature daily to save energy. This physiological response is called torpor. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 35 | An organism that maintains its body fluids at a higher salt concentration than the medium in which it lives is known as a hyoposmotic conformer. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 36 | In the disease diabetes mellitus, glucose rises to abnormally high concentrations in the blood plasma, causing hypoglycemia. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 37 | The blood capillaries surrounding the loops of Henle are called the… |
| A) | Vasa constricta |
| B) | Vasa deferens |
| C) | Vasa permeans |
| D) | Vasa recta |
| E) | None of the above is correct |