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| 1 | The extracellular fluid may be divided into interstitial fluid and… |
 | A) | Lymph |
| B) | Blood plasma |
| C) | Intracellular fluid |
| D) | Cytosol |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 2 | The source of the interstitial fluid is primarily from the… |
| A) | Lymph |
| B) | Cytosol |
| C) | Plasma |
| D) | Intracellular fluid |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 3 | In fish gills, the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissues is due to countercurrent flow. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 4 | In a typical animal, the greatest fluid volume is in the … |
| A) | Intracellular fraction |
| B) | Extracellular fraction |
| C) | Plasma |
| D) | Interstitial fluid |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 5 | Typical vertebrate blood is usually _________ percent plasma and ________percent formed elements. |
| A) | 40, 60 |
| B) | 55, 45 |
| C) | 30, 70 |
| D) | 70, 30 |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 6 | The primary function of the albumin fraction of the plasma proteins is… |
| A) | Immunity |
| B) | Osmotic equilibrium |
| C) | Blood clotting |
| D) | Binding irreversibly to oxygen |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 7 | The average lifespan of an erythrocyte is in the range of several months. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 8 | Blood pressures are higher in organisms with open circulatory systems. Furthermore, animals with open circulatory systems lack hearts. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 9 | In birds, the atria are completely separated, but the ventricles are not. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 10 | In vertebrates, heart rate increases with the increasing size of the animal. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 11 | Because the heartbeat of vertebrate hearts is initiated by specialized muscle cells, the impulse is referred to as myogenic. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 12 | Erythrocytes in mammals are primarily formed from erythroblasts in the… |
| A) | Bone marrow |
| B) | Spleen |
| C) | Kidneys |
| D) | Sternum |
| E) | All of the above are correct |
|
| 13 | A mature erythrocyte is composed primarily of the protein… |
| A) | Carbonic anhydrase |
| B) | Thrombin |
| C) | Hemocyanin |
| D) | Hemoglobin |
| E) | Myoglobin |
|
| 14 | At the death of an erythrocyte, the iron is reused, but what is heme converted into? |
| A) | Biliverdin |
| B) | Bilirubin |
| C) | Cholesterol |
| D) | Carbonic anhydrase |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 15 | In vertebrates, fibrinogen is transformed into a network of ___________ via a complex set of processes during coagulation. |
| A) | Thrombin |
| B) | Prothrombin |
| C) | Thromboplastin |
| D) | Fibrin |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 16 | The most common clotting abnormality in humans is… |
| A) | Hemophilia |
| B) | Emphysema |
| C) | Christmas disease |
| D) | Phlebitis |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 17 | An animal in which diffusion could suffice for respiratory needs would most likely have which of the following shapes? |
| A) | A sphere |
| B) | Be flattened |
| C) | A tube |
| D) | All of the above are correct |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 18 | Animals with open circulatory systems lack… |
| A) | Capillaries |
| B) | Arteries |
| C) | Hearts |
| D) | A hemocoel |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 19 | Fluid lost from capillaries is returned to the venous system by the ___________ system. |
| A) | Lacteal |
| B) | Lymphatic |
| C) | Arteriole |
| D) | Ostial |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 20 | The valves in the mammalian heart that prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles are the ________ valves. |
| A) | Bicuspid |
| B) | Tricuspid |
| C) | Semilunar |
| D) | Atrioventricular |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 21 | In the fish heart, the ________collects blood and delivers it to the single atrium. |
| A) | Atrium |
| B) | Conus venosus |
| C) | Gill arch |
| D) | Hemocoel |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 22 | The covering of the mammalian heart is called the… |
| A) | Pericardium |
| B) | Visceral pleura |
| C) | Parietal pleura |
| D) | Ostia |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 23 | The portion of the brain most involved in regulating heartbeat is the… |
| A) | Cerebrum |
| B) | Thymus |
| C) | Thalamus |
| D) | Medulla |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 24 | Arteries contain more _________tissue than arterioles, to dampen out the pulse from the heartbeat. |
| A) | Collagenous |
| B) | Elastic |
| C) | Muscular |
| D) | Nervous |
| E) | Adipose |
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| 25 | Capillaries are composed of a single layer of _________. There are no elastic fibers, no smooth muscle, just a single layer of semipermeable cells. |
| A) | Epithelium |
| B) | Myothelium |
| C) | Epicardium |
| D) | Endothelium |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 26 | The internal nares of mammals connect the … |
| A) | External nares and the pharynx |
| B) | Glottis and the larynx |
| C) | Nasal chamber and the pharynx |
| D) | Larynx and the bronchi |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 27 | Both fish and amphibians ventilate their respiratory structures by… |
| A) | A muscular diaphragm |
| B) | A pumping mechanism |
| C) | A flow-through design |
| D) | Swallowing air |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 28 | The extreme efficiency of fish gills in swimming is due to… |
| A) | Ram ventilation |
| B) | Pneumatic connections with the lung |
| C) | The elaboration of alveoli |
| D) | Countercurrent flow |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 29 | Cutaneous respiration is seen in relatively scaleless fish like eels, as well as in… |
| A) | Insects |
| B) | Reptiles |
| C) | Amphibians |
| D) | Mammals |
| E) | Birds |
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| 30 | Blood pressure is expressed as a systolic pressure over a diastolic pressure, and is measured by a respirometer. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 31 | Water is a much more dense environment than the atmospheric environment, and carries more oxygen at saturation than the atmosphere. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 32 | Two opposing forces act on the fluid flux at the level of the capillaries: the __________ acts to draw water back into the capillary from the tissue fluid. |
| A) | Lymphatic pressure |
| B) | Capillary shift |
| C) | Colloid osmotic pressure |
| D) | Hydrostatic pressure |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 33 | Both the circulatory and tracheal systems of insects are critical for respiration. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 34 | A blockage of the coronary circulation may result in a myocardial infarction (MI). |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 35 | A unique structure which aids in respiration, that is found only in mammals, is the… |
| A) | Alveolus |
| B) | Pectoral muscle |
| C) | Diaphragm |
| D) | Bronchiole |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 36 | Arteries farther away from the heart possess more smooth muscle and fewer elastic fibers. These arteries are called… |
| A) | Venous arteries |
| B) | Muscular arteries |
| C) | Nonmuscular arteries |
| D) | Sphygmomanometer arteries |
| E) | Endothelial arteries |