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| 1 | A sensory neuron is also known as a(n) ____________ neuron. |
 | A) | Afferent |
| B) | Efferent |
| C) | Interneuron |
| D) | Glial |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 2 | A neuron usually has one long, single extension of the cell called the _____________ that connects it to neighboring neurons. |
| A) | Axon |
| B) | Dendrite |
| C) | Neurolemma |
| D) | Node |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 3 | The difference between a neuron of the central nervous system and a ganglion cell is based on their… |
| A) | Morphology |
| B) | Location |
| C) | Neurotransmitters |
| D) | Glial cell type |
| E) | All of the above are correct |
|
| 4 | Glial cells connect afferent and efferent neurons. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 5 | Nerves are typically a bundle of axons covered by connective tissue. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 6 | The most abundant cells in the central nervous system are the ganglion cells. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 7 | The covering of many axons is the ______ sheath, which is laid down by the __________. |
| A) | Ganglion, microglia |
| B) | Fascicle, microglia |
| C) | Myelin, Schwann cells |
| D) | Myelin, fascicular cells |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 8 | The resting potential of a nerve cell is approximately… |
| A) | 35 mV |
| B) | —70 mV |
| C) | —35 mV |
| D) | 120 mV |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 9 | Following depolarization of a neuron's cell membrane, the calcium pump restores the ion gradients of the resting membrane. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 10 | During the progression of an action potential down the axon of a nerve cell,
the __________ ions move across the cell membrane. |
| A) | Potassium and chloride |
| B) | Chloride and potassium |
| C) | Potassium and sodium |
| D) | Sodium and chloride |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 11 | When the ionic reversal occurs across the plasma membrane of an axon during an action potential, the membrane is said to be… |
| A) | Repolarized |
| B) | Unpolarized |
| C) | Malpolarized |
| D) | Depolarized |
| E) | Bipolarized |
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| 12 | The most common neurotransmitter found in pheripheral nervous system chemical synapses is |
| A) | Acetylcholine |
| B) | Myelin |
| C) | ACTH |
| D) | Acetycholinesterase |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 13 | Electrical synapses are the most common in the animal kingdom and are adapted for escape reaction because they are very fast. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
|
| 14 | Action potentials are self-propagating and once started proceed with a rapid change in intensity. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 15 | The most primitive nervous system is the ___________ found in cnidarians. |
| A) | Ladderlike set of nerves |
| B) | Single dorsal nerve cord |
| C) | Single ventral nerve cord |
| D) | Nerve net |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 16 | Unlike invertebrate nervous systems, the nerves emanating from the spinal cord are separated into a dorsal sensory root and a ventral… |
| A) | Cephalic root |
| B) | Caudal root |
| C) | Motor root |
| D) | Afferent root |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 17 | Reflexes may be… |
| A) | Innate or learned |
| B) | Motor or sensory |
| C) | Afferent or efferent |
| D) | Parasympathetic or sympathetic |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 18 | The flatworms are the first to show differentiation into a peripheral and a central nervous system. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 19 | Development of a brain at the anterior end of the animal is known as cephalization. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 20 | A reflex arc involves, at the very least, a receptor, an afferent neuron, the central nervous system, and a motor neuron. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 21 | The simplest reflex, such as the knee-jerk reflex, involves ___ neurons. |
| A) | One |
| B) | Two |
| C) | Three |
| D) | Four or more |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 22 | The three principle divisions of the simplest vertebrate brain are the prosencephalon, the mesencephalon, and the… |
| A) | Rhombencephalon |
| B) | Norencephalon |
| C) | Archiencephalon |
| D) | Cerecephalon |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 23 | The medulla controls… |
| A) | Higher functions |
| B) | Sensory input and screening of senses |
| C) | Vital functions such as heartbeat |
| D) | Complex thought |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 24 | The cerebellum is responsible for control of equilibrium and balance. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 25 | The thalamus system passes sensory material to higher brain centers. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 26 | Which one of the following is involved in regulation of functions involving homeostasis and also produces several neurohormones? |
| A) | Pons |
| B) | Medulla |
| C) | Hypothalamus |
| D) | Thalamus |
| E) | Cerebellum |
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| 27 | The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system includes the… |
| A) | Somatic and afferent divisions |
| B) | Somatic and autonomic divisions |
| C) | Somatic and sensory divisions |
| D) | Autonomic and sensory divisions |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 28 | In times of stress, the ___________system is predominant in action. |
| A) | Afferent |
| B) | Efferent |
| C) | Parasympathetic |
| D) | Sympathetic |
| E) | Autonomous |
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| 29 | If a person is relaxing, he is using what division of the nervous system? |
| A) | Parasympathetic |
| B) | Sympathetic |
| C) | Norepinephric |
| D) | Chemorecptive |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 30 | What kinds of receptors allow a person to determine where his body parts are relative to the others? |
| A) | Photoreceptors |
| B) | Chemoreceptors |
| C) | Proprioceptors |
| D) | Thermoreceptors |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 31 | Which of the following is probably the most ancient and universal sense in the Animal Kingdom? |
| A) | Chemoreception |
| B) | Mechanoreception |
| C) | Photoreception |
| D) | Thermoreception |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 32 | Nerves from the parasympathetic division emanate from the brain and the thoracic region of the spinal cord. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 33 | The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous divisions are usually antagonistic in action. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 34 | Taste buds have a short life and are continuously replaced. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 35 | The semicircular canals are responsible for sensing sound waves in higher vertebrates. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 36 | Lateral lines of fish have receptor cells called________that sense changes in water pressure. |
| A) | Pacinian corpuscles |
| B) | Ruffinian corpuscles |
| C) | Neuromasts |
| D) | Lagenae |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 37 | In many invertebrates, the statolith is responsible for determining the change in position of the animal, while the organ of similar function in vertebrates is the labyrinth. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 38 | Arthropods may have compound eyes composed of units called… |
| A) | Ommatidia |
| B) | Lagenae |
| C) | Saccules |
| D) | Utricles |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 39 | Upon stimulation by light, rhodopsin is changed in shape and, ultimately this sets into motion a series of reactions that results in a nerve impulse produced by the rod. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 40 | Rods are most adapted for diurnal vision, and are in highest concentration in the fovea centralis. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 41 | The _________ of the vertebrate eye is composed of rods and cones. |
| A) | Sclera |
| B) | Fovea centralis |
| C) | Retina |
| D) | Aqueous humor |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 42 | The chambers of the eyes are filled with… |
| A) | Blood |
| B) | Blood plasma |
| C) | Humors |
| D) | The lens |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 43 | In higher vertebrates, focusing is accomplished by… |
| A) | Moving the lens forward |
| B) | Moving the lens backward |
| C) | Changing the shape of the cornea |
| D) | Changing the shape of the retina |
| E) | Changing the shape of the lens |
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| 44 | Recent research has focused on the possibility of pheromonal communication in humans. The best-established example is that of menstrual cycle synchronization that occurs in women living together in dormitories. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 45 | Taste sensations are categorized as which of the following? |
| A) | Sweet |
| B) | Salty |
| C) | Acid |
| D) | Bitter |
| E) | All of the above are correct |
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| 46 | Taste discrimination depends on assessment by the brain of the relative activity of many different taste receptors. This assessment is similar to color vision in vertebrates. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 47 | Pacinian corpuscles are very small chemoreceptors that register deep touch and pressure in mammalian skin. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 48 | Pain receptors are relatively unspecialized nerve fiber endings that respond to a variety of stimuli signaling possible or real damage to tissues. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 49 | Hair cells form an important sensory component of several mechanoreceptors found in both invertebrate (statocysts) and vertebrate (vestibular organs) organs of equilibrium. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |