LXIII. Backgrounds: The Idea of the Nation-State

1. The Crimean War, 1854-1856
1. [Primary Source Alfred Lord Tennyson, The Charge of the Light Brigade]
2. [Image Charge of the Light Brigade]
3. [Image Tsar Nicholas I]
4. [Image Napoleon III]
5. [Image Congress of Paris, 1856]
6. [Primary Source Treaty of Paris, 1856]

LXIV. Cavour and the Italian War of 1859: The Unification of Italy

1. Italian Nationalism: The Program of Cavour
1. [Image Roman Republic of 1849 discomforts the Pope and King of Piedmont]
2. [Image King Victor Emmanuel]
3. [Image Camillo di Cavour]
4. [Primary Source Documents of Italian Unification, 1846-61]
5. [Image Battle of Magenta]
6. [Image Battle of Solferino]
7. [Primary Source Giuseppe Garibaldi, Proclamation for the Liberation of Sicily, 1860]
8. [Image Garibaldi conquers Kingdom of Two Sicilies]
9. [Image First Italian parliament]

2. The Completion of Italian Unity
1. [Image Giuseppe Garibaldi]
2. [Image Red Shirts]
3. [Image Conquest of south of Italy]
4. [Image Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel]
5. [Map Unification of Italy]
6. [Primary Source King Victor Emmanuel, Address to Parliament, Rome, 1871]

3. Persistent Problems after Unification

LXV. Bismarck: The Founding of a German Empire

1. The German States after 1848
1. [Image Hamburg]
2. [Map Confederation of 1815]
3. [Map Zollverein]
4. [Secondary Discussion Zollverein]

2. Prussia in the 1860s: Bismarck
1. [Image Otto von Bismarck]
2. [Primary Source Bismarck, Blood and Iron speech]

3. Bismarck's Wars: The North German Confederation, 1867

3. War with Denmark
1. [Secondary Discussion Polish uprising, 1863]
2. [Primary Source Helmuth von Moltke, On the Nature of War]
3. [Image Battle of Koniggratz]
4. [Image Austrian soldiers, 1866]
5. [Primary Source Otto von Bismarck, Memoirs]
6. [Map North German Confederation]
7. [Image Ferdinand Lassale]

4. The Franco-Prussian War
1. [Secondary Discussion Timeline of Franco-Prussian War]
2. [Primary Source Ems Dispatch]
3. [Image War fever in Paris, 1870]
4. [Primary Source A War Correspondent in the Franco-Prussian War, 1870]
5. [Image Insurrection in Paris]

5. The German Empire, 1871
1. [Image Founding the Second Reich]
2. [Primary Source Imperial Proclamation, 1871]
3. [Image Kaiser Wilhelm I]
4. [Map German Empire, 1871]
5. [Image Honore Daumier, German Unity--the French perspective]
6. [Image German industry: Krupp factory]
7. [Image German railway, late 19th century]
8. [Image Reichstag building]

LXVI. The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

1. The Habsburg Empire after 1848
1. [Image Francis Joseph, 1854]

2. The Compromise of 1867
1. [Primary Source Count von Beust, Memoirs of the Ausgleich, 1867]
2. [Primary Source Austrian Constitution of 1867]
3. [Map Dual Monarchy of Austria and Hungary]
4. [Image King-Emperor Franz Joseph, 1879]
5. [Map Nationalities of Hungary, 1886]

LXVII. Liberalization in Tsarist Russia: Alexander II

1. Tsarist Russia after 1856
1. [Secondary Discussion Slavophiles and Westernizers]
2. [Image Execution in Russia, 1879]
3. [Image Russian policeman]
4. [Image Russian serfs]
5. [Image Russian serfs and their dwellings]
6. [ImageRussian noble]

2. The Emancipation Act of 1861 and Other Reforms
1. [Image Alexander II]
2. [Primary Source Coronation of Alexander II, 1855]
3. [Image Alexander Herzen]
4. [Primary Source Emancipation Manifesto, 1861]
5. [Image mir]
6. [Primary Source Novgorod Zemstvo]
7. [Image Polish rebels on way to Siberia, 1863]

3. Revolutionism in Russia
1. [Primary Source Nihilism]
2. [Image Mikhail Bakunin]
3. [Image Sergei Nechaiev]
4. [Primary Source Catechism of a Revolutionist]
5. [Image Andrei Zhelyabov, member of People's Will]
6. [Primary Source Assassination of Alexander II, 1881]
7. [Image Alexander III]
8. [Image Late 19th century executions]

LVXIII. The United States: The American Civil War

1. Growth of the United States
1. [Map/Primary Source Tocqueville's Tour]
2. [Image Taking the Census]
3. [Image Early immigrants as Americans]
4. [Image Early Photograph of the Capitol]

2. The Estrangement of North and South
1. [Primary Source Lowell Mill Girls]
2. [Primary Source Lowell mill work schedule, 1853]
3. [Image Raising cotton in South]
4. [Map Slave crops in the South, 1860]
5. [Primary Source Working conditions of slaves on a Louisiana cotton plantation, 1853]
6. [Image Mexican-American War, 1846]
7. [Image Emmanuel Leutze, Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way, 1861]
8. [Map Missouri Compromise, 1820]
9. [Primary Source Fugitive Slave Act, 1850]
10. [Image Wendell Phillips Speaks Against the Fugitive Slave Law, 1851]
11. [Map Slave and Free States, 1856]
12. [Image Abraham Lincoln]
13. [Primary Source Constitution of the Confederate States of America]
14. [Image A Georgia Private]
15. [Image Confederate dead, Gettysburg, 1863]
16. [Primary Source Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address]
17. [Image Austrian archduke Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico]
18. [Primary Source Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution]
19. [Primary Source Emancipation Proclamation, 1862]
20. [Primary Source Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution]

3. After the Civil War: Reconstruction, Industrial Growth
1. [Primary Source Lincoln assassinated]
2. [Image Procession in Washington, DC celebrating abolition, 1866]
3. [Image Black Arkansas legislators]
4. [Primary Source Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 1866]
5. [Image/Secondary Discussion Morrill tariff, 1861]
6. [Image Union Pacific railroad completed, 1869]
7. [Secondary Discussion Homestead Act]
8. [Map Land-grant colleges]
9. [Image Vanderbilt Mansion, Fifth Avenue, New York City]

69. The Dominion of Canada, 1867

1. [Image United Empire Loyalists]
2. [Primary Source Quebec Act of 1774]
3. [Secondary Discussion 1791 Canada Act]
4. [Map British North America, 1791]
5. [Secondary Discussion 1837 insurrection]
6. [Image 1837 rebellion]

1. Lord Durham's Report
1. [Image/Secondary Discussion Earl of Durham]
2. [Primary Source Durham's Report]
3. [Secondary Discussion Responsible Government]
4. [Secondary Discussion Union Act, 1840]

2. Founding of the Dominion of Canada
1. [Primary Source British North America Act]
2. [Image The Fathers of Confederation]
3. [Image Uncle Sam Kicked Out]
4. [Map Dominion of Canada]

70. Japan and the West

1. [Image Commodore Matthew Perry]
2. [Primary Source Matthew Perry, When We Landed in Japan, 1854]
3. [Image Commodore Perry arrives in Yokohama, 1854]

1. Background: Two Centuries of Isolation, 1640-1854
1. [Image Dutch trader in Japan]
2. [Secondary Discussion Tokugawa era]
3. [Primary Source Honda Toshiaki, A Secret Plan for Government, 1798]
4. [Secondary Discussion Shogunate]
5. [Virtual Tour Yedo (Tokyo)]
6. [Image Samurai]
7. [Primary Source The Way of the Samurai]
8. [Image Buddhist priests and temple]
9. [Secondary Discussion Bushido]
10. [Secondary Discussion Shintoism]
11. [Image Shinto shrine]

2. The Opening of Japan
1. [Primary Source Japanese-American Commercial Treaty, 1854]
2. [Secondary Discussion Satsuma rebellion, 1862]
3. [Map Choshu Daimyo]

3. The Meiji era (1868-1912): The Westernization of Japan
1. [Image Emperor Meiji]
2. [Secondary Discussion Meiji era]
3. [Image Westernization of Japan: 1880 photograph]
4. [Image Late 19th century building, western influence]
5. [Image Export furniture]
6. [Image European quarter in Nagasaki, 1865]
7. [Secondary Discussion Japanese Religions]
8. [Image Industrialization: tramcar]
9. [Image 1889 Celebrating the new Constitution of Imperial Japan in Kyoto]
10. [Primary Source Constitution of Imperial Japan, 1889]
11. [Primary Source Sakutaro Fujioka, Fifty Years of New Japan, 1909]