[Image Mongols]

V. Disasters of the Fourteenth Century

1. The Black Death and Its Consequences
1. [Primary Source Black Death described by Boccaccio]
2. [Image Black Death]
3. [Image Beggars]
4. [Secondary Discussion Medieval Paupers]
5. [Primary Source Jacquerie of 1358]
6. [Primary Source English Peasant Revolt of 1381]
7. [Image Small peasants]
8. [Primary Source Froissart, Hundred Years' War]
9. [Map Maps of the 100 Years' War]
10. [Primary Source Joan of Arc]
11. [Secondary Discussion Longbow]
12. [Primary Source Wars of Roses]

2. Troubles of the Medieval Church
1. [Primary Source Boniface VIII, Unam Sanctam]
2. [Secondary Discussion Avignon Papacy]
3. [Image Avignon]
4. [Primary Source Petrarch, Letter Criticizing the Avignon Papacy]
5. [Primary Source Great Schism]
6. [Primary Source Witchcraft Documents]
7. [Primary Source Witchcraft Trial]
8. [Web site William Langland, Piers Plowman]
9. [Primary Source John Wyclif, On the Sacrament of Communion]
10. [Primary Source Condemnation of Wycliffe, 1382 and Wycliffe's Reply, 1384]
11. [Primary Source John Huss]
12. [Secondary Discussion Hussite wars]

3. The Conciliar Movement
1. [Primary Source Council of Pisa]
2. [Primary Source Council of Constance]
3. [Primary Source Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 1438]
4. [Secondary Discussion Pope Alexander VI]
5. [Image Leo X]
6. [Secondary Discussion Pope Julius II]
7. [Secondary Discussion Pope Leo X]
8. [Image Lucretia Borgia]

VI. The Renaissance in Italy

1. [Secondary Discussion Byzantines in Renaissance Italy]
2. [Secondary Discussion La Renaissance: Italy]

1. The Italian Cities and the New Conception of Life
1. [Primary Source Villani, Florentine Chronicle]
2. [Image Florence in the 15th Century]
3. [Image Venice]
4. [Image Genoa]
5. [Secondary Discussion Benvenuto Cellini]
6. [Primary Source Da Vinci]

2. Humanism: The Birth of "Literature"
1. [Image Dante, Divine Comedy]
2. [Image Petrarch]
3. [Primary Source Petrarch, Familiar Letters]
4. [Image Boccaccio]
5. [Secondary Discussion Visconti family]

3. Schooling, Manners and Family Life
1. [Image Durer, Young Venetian Woman]

4. Politics and the Italian Renaissance
1. [Image Niccolo Machiavelli]
2. [Primary Source Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince]

VII. The Renaissance outside Italy

1. Religious Scholarship and Science
1. [Secondary Discussion Gutenberg and printing]
2. [Secondary Discussion The Holbeins]
3. [Web site Regiomontanus]
4. [Primary Source Paracelsus, The Treasure of Treasures for Alchemists]
5. [Image Copernicus]

2. Mysticism and Lay Religion
1. [Secondary Discussion Meister Eckhart]
2. [Primary Source Thomas a Kempis, Imitation of Christ]

3. Erasmus of Rotterdam
1. [Primary Source Praise of Folly]

VIII. The New Monarchies

1. The New Monarchy in England, France, and Spain
1. [Secondary Discussion New Monachies]
2. [Secondary Discussion The Tudors]
3. [Secondary Discussion Henry VII]
4. [Primary Source Louis XI]
5. [Image Francis I]
6. [Secondary Discussion Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile]
7. [Secondary Discussion Inquisition]
8. [Secondary Discussion The Spanish Inquisition: Fact versus Fiction]

2. The Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg Supremacy
1. [Secondary Discussion Holy Roman Empire]
2. [Image Maximilian I]
3. [Image Charles V]
4. [Secondary Discussion Charles V]
5. [Primary Source Fall of Constantinople]
6. [Primary Source Fall of Constantinople]
7. [Map Hungary under Ottomans]
8. [Primary Source Visit to Wife of Suleiman the Magnificent]

IX. The Protestant Reformation

1. Luther and Lutheranism
1. [Primary Source Luther on Indulgences]
2. [Image Indulgence Letter]
3. [Image John Tetzel]
4. [Image City of Wittenberg]
5. [Image Wittenberg University]
6. [Image Wittenberg Church door]
7. [Image Luther before Charles V at Worms]
8. [Image Peasant's War]
9. [Primary Source The Twelve Articles of the Peasants]
10. [Primary Source Anabaptists: The Schleitheim Confession, 1527]
11. [Secondary Discussion Charisma and History: The Case of Munster]
12. [Secondary Discussion Schmalkaldic League]
13. [Primary Source Peace of Augsburg, 1555]

2. Calvin and Calvinism
1. [Primary Source Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion]
2. [Primary Source Geneva]

3. The Reformation in England
1. [Image Henry VIII]
2. [Secondary Discussion Henry VIII and Religion]
3. [Primary Source Letter of Thomas Cranmer on Henry VIII's divorce, 1533]
4. [Primary Source Act of Supremacy]
5. [Primary Source Thomas More, Utopia]
6. [Primary Source The Thirty-nine Articles (1563)]

4. The Consolidation of Protestantism by 1560
1. [Secondary Discussion Protestant Woman]

X. Catholicism Reformed and Reorganized

1. [Secondary Discussion Catholic Reformation]

1. The Council of Trent
1. [Primary Source Council of Trent]

2. The Counter Crusade
1. [Image Paul III]
2. [Secondary Discussion Ursulines]
3. [Primary Source Ignatius Loyola, Spiritual Exercises]
4. [Secondary Discussion Society of Jesus]
5. [Primary Source Index of Prohibited Books]
6. [Secondary Discussion Inquisition]