The independence struggles of the African colonies of France, Britain, and Portugal.
The ethnic and linguistic diversity of the new African states, which contributed to their political instability.
African experiments with African socialism, military dictatorship, and political instability in the years following independence.
The persistence of Africa’s problems, among them HIV-AIDS, poverty, and political violence and instability, and the multiple theories used to explain those problems.
The origins of Israel, their tense relations with the Middle East, and the difficulties of attaining peace between Israelis and Palestinians.
The tensions between modernization and secularization and Islamic fundamentalism in the Middle East, especially Iran.
The promise of development, its limited impact, and critiques of developmental projects and policies.