CXXV. The Crisis in the Soviet Union

1. [Image Mikhail S. Gorbachev]
2. [Secondary Discussion Perestroika]
3. [Secondary Discussion Glasnost]
4. [Image Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]
5. [Image Andrei Sakharov]
6. [Secondary Discussion March 1989 multicandidate elections]
7. [Image Azerbaijani refugees from conflict over Karabakh]

1. Gorbachev and the West
1. [Image Soviet troops leaving Afghanistan]
2. [Primary Source Gorbachev statement on detente, 1986]
3. [Image Reagan in Moscow, 1988]

CXXV. The Collapse of Communism in Central and Eastern Europe

1. [Primary Source Helsinki Accords, 1975]

1. Poland: The Solidarity Movement
1. [Image Wladyslaw Gomulka]
2. [Image Edward Gierek]
3. [Image Solidarity poster, 1980]
4. [Image Lech Walesa]
5. [Image General JaruzelskI]
6. [Image Martial law imposed]
7. [Image John Paul II]

2. Hungary: Reform into Revolution
1. [Image Janos Kadar]

3. The German Democratic Republic: Revolution and Reunification
1. [Image Erich Honnecker]
2. [Image Berlin Wall]
3. [Image Anti-government demonstrators, East Berlin, November 1989]
4. [Image Leipzig demonstrators, 1989]
5. [Image Berliners destroying the Wall, November 9, 1989]
6. [Image Helmut Kohl]
7. [Image The German Question]
8. [Secondary Discussion German national anthem, 1991]
9. [Image October 3, 1990, GDR merges with Federal Republic of Germany]

4. Czechoslovakia: '89 is '68 Upside Down"
1. [Primary Source Charter '77]
2. [Image Vaclav Havel]
3. [Image Demonstrators in Prague, November 24, 1989]
4. [Secondary Discussion Velvet revolution]
5. [Secondary Discussion Velvet Divorce: Slovakia becomes independent, 1993]

5. Bulgaria's Palace Revolution, Bloodshed in Romania
1. [Secondary Discussion Revolution in Bulgaria
2. [Image Nicolae Ceausescu]
3. [Image Protest in Timisoara]
4. [Image Security forces intervening in Romania]
5. [Image Protestors in Bucharest]
6. [Image Ceausescu and wife after trial and before execution]
7. [Secondary Discussion 1989 Romanian Revolution

6. The Revolutions of 1989 in Central and Eastern Europe

CXVII. The Collapse of Communism in the Soviet Union

1. [Map Collapse of the Soviet Union]

1. The "Creeping Coup d'Etat"
1. [Image Demonstrators in Lithuania]
2. [Image Boris N. Yeltsin]

2. The Failed August Coup
1. [Secondary Discussion Coup attempt of 1991]
2. [Primary Source Ukrainian Declaration on State Sovereignty, 1990]
3. [Map Commonwealth of Independent States]

CVIII. After Communism

1. [Map Europe in 1995]

1. Russia after 1991
1. [Image The Russian flag]
2. [Primary Source Constitution of 1993]
3. [Image Russian invasion of Chechnya, 1994]
4. [Image Vladimir Putin]
5. [Image Chechen terrorist attack on Moscow theater]
6. [Image Chechen terrorist attack on school in Beslan]

2. The Resurgence of Nationalism: the Breakup of Yugoslavia
1. [Secondary Discussion Ustachi]
2. [Image Marshal Tito]
3. [Image Franjo Tudjman]
4. [Secondary Discussion The Yugoslav Civil War]
5. [Virtual Tour] Ethnic cleansing]
6. [Image Siege of Sarajevo]
7. [Map Serbia, including Kosovo]
8. [Image Destruction in Kosovo]
9. [Image NATO propaganda sheet dropped during 1999 air attacks against Serbia]
10. [Primary Source Indictment of Milosevic as a war criminal]
11. [Image Milosevic trial]

3. Central and Eastern Europe after 1989
1. [Image Files of East German secret security police (Stasi)]