XXIII. Three Aging Empires

1. The Holy Roman Empire after 1648
1. [Map Growth of the Habsburg Dominions]
2. [Secondary discussion Imperial diet]

2. The Republic of Poland about 1650
1. [Secondary Discussion Highlights of History of Poland]

3. The Ottoman Empire about 1650
1. [Secondary Discussion Janissaries]
2. [Image Janissaries]
3. [Secondary Discussion Who are the Crimean Tatars?]
4. [Image Grand Vizier ]
5. [Map Map of Ottoman Empire]

XXIV. The Formation of an Austrian Monarchy

1. The Recovery and Growth of Habsburg Power, 1648-1740
1. [Map Austria in 1718]
2. [Image Vienna]
3. [Map Plan of Siege of Vienna]
4. [Secondary Discussion Prince Eugene of Savoy]

2. The Austrian Monarchy by 1740
1. [Image Schloss Schonbrunn, Vienna, 1696-1780]
2. [Image Charles VI]
3. [Secondary Discussion Pragmatic Sanction]

XXV. The Formation of Prussia

1. Sweden's Short-Lived Empire
1. [Image Gustavus Adolphus]
2. [Image Queen Christina]
3. [Image Charles XII]
4. [Secondary Discussion Charles XII]

2. The Territorial Growth of Brandenburg-Prussia
1. [Image Berlin in 1685]
2. [Map Maps of Brandenburg]
3. [Image Frederick I]
4. [Secondary Discussion Teutonic Knights]
5. [Primary Source Frederick William I]

3. The Prussian Military State
1. [Primary Source Frederick II, the Great, Memoirs]
2. [Primary Source Frederick II: Essay on the Forms of Government]
3. [Image Schloß Sanssouci]

XXVI. The "Westernizing" of Russia

1. [Virtual Tour] Moscow Kremlin]
2. [Primary Source The Sudebnik of Ivan III]
3. [Primary Source Samuel Collins on the Court of Aleksei Mikhailovich (1670)]

1. Russia before Peter the Great
1. [Secondary Discussion Great Russians]
2. [Secondary Discussion Tatars]
3. [Primary Source Tatars]
4. [Image Cossacks]
5. [Secondary Discussion White Russians]
6. [Image 17th century Duma]
7. [Secondary Discussion Michael Romanov]
8. [Secondary Discussion Russian Orthodox Church]
9. [Secondary Discussion Russian Orthodox Church]
10. [Secondary Discussion History of the Russian Church]
11. [Image Icon of Old Believers]
12. [Secondary Discussion Holy Synod]

2. Peter the Great: Foreign Affairs and Territorial Expansion
1. [Secondary Discussion Northern War]
2. [Primary Source Streltsi Rebellion]
3. [Map St. Petersburg in 1710]
4. [Image Peter and Paul Fortress, St. Petersburg]

3. Internal Changes under Peter the Great
1. [Primary Source Proclamation on the Introduction of a New Calendar]
2. [Primary Source Peter I's Table of Ranks]
3. [Primary Source Jean Rousset de Missy, Life of Peter the Great]
4. [Image Baroque Architecture of St. Petersburg]
5. [Web Site Peterhof]
6. [Image Shaving beards]

4. The Results of Peter's Revolution
1. [Secondary Discussion Peter's Russia]
2. [Secondary Discussion Reforms of Peter the Great]