XXXII. Prophets of a Scientific Civilization: Bacon and Descartes

1. Science before the Seventeenth Century
1. [Secondary Discussion Montaigne]
2. [Secondary Discussion Paracelsus]

2. Bacon and Descartes
1. [Image Francis Bacon]
2. [Primary Source Bacon, Novum Organum, Preface]
3. [Primary Source Bacon, Advancement of Learning]
4. [Primary Source New Atlantis]
5. [Primary Source Rene Descartes, Discourse on Method, 1637]

XXXIII. The Road to Newton: The Law of Universal Gravitation

1. Scientific Advances
1. [Image Andreas Vesalius]
2. [Image Vesalius, Structure of Human Body]
3. [Primary Source William Harvey, On the Movement of the Heart and Blood]
4. [Secondary Discussion Marcello Malpighi]
5. [Secondary Discussion Anthony van Leeuwenhoek]
6. [Image John Napier]
7. [Image Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]

2. The Scientific Revolution: Copernicus to Galileo
1. [Secondary Discussion Ptolemaic System]
2. [Image Nicholas Copernicus]
3. [Primary Source Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, 1543]
4. [Image Tycho Brahe]
5. [Image Johannes Kepler]
6. [Web site Johannes Kepler, Laws of Planetary Motion]
7. [Image Galileo]
8. [Primary Source The Crime of Galileo,]
9. [Secondary Discussion Telescope]

3. The Achievement of Newton: The Promise of Science
1. [Primary Source Isaac Newton, Mathematical Principles, 1687]
2. [Primary Source Origin of the Royal Society of London]
3. [Primary Source Letters patent establishing the French Academy, 1635]
4. [Image Artillery]
5. [Image Robert Boyle]
6. [Secondary Discussion Thomas Newcomen]

4. The Scientific Revolution and the World of Thought
1. [Secondary Discussion Pascal]

XXXIV. New Knowledge of Man and Society

1. Current of Skepticism
1. [Primary Source Montaigne, On Cannibals]
2. [Secondary Discussion Pierre Bayle]
3. [Secondary Discussion Edmond Halley]
4. [Web site Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary]

2. The New Sense of Evidence
1. [Primary Source Samuel Willard, A briefe account]
2. [Image Witchcraft]

3. History and Historical Scholarship
1. [Secondary Discussion Jean Mabillon]
2. [Secondary Discussion Gregorian calendar]

4. The Questioning of Traditional Beliefs Richard Simon, Critical History of the Old Testament
1. [Image Baruch Spinoza]
2. [Primary Source John Locke, Letter on Toleration]
3. [Primary Source John Locke, Reasonableness of Christianity]
4. [Primary Source John Locke, Essay Concerning the Human Understanding]

XXXV. Political Theory: The School of Natural Law

1. [Primary Source Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince]

1. Natural Right and Natural Law
1. [Secondary Discussion Natural Law]
2. [Secondary Discussion Hugo Grotius]
3. [Secondary Discussion Samuel Pufendorf]

1. Hobbes and Locke
1. [Image Thomas Hobbes]
2. [Primary Source Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, excerpt]
3. [Primary Source Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, full text]
4. [Primary Source John Locke, Two Treatises of Government]
5. [Primary Source Bill of Rights, 1689]
6. [Secondary Discussion Revolution of 1688]