XXXVI. The Philosophes - And Others

1. The Spirit of Progress and Improvement
1. [Primary Source Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary, on Quarrel of Ancients and Moderns]
2. [Secondary Discussion Isaac Watts]
3. [Secondary Discussion J.S. Bach]
4. [Secondary Discussion Handel's Messiah Through the Centuries]
5. [Image Pietism]
6. [Secondary Discussion Halle Pietism: Religious Compromise and Prussian Social Transformation]
7. [Image John Wesley]
8. [Image George Whitfield]
9. [Image Great Awakening]
10. [Image Methodist societies]
11. [Primary Source John Wesley, A Short History of Methodism]
12. [Image J.C. Lavate]
13. [Secondary Discussion Illuminati]

2. The Philosophes
1. [Primary Source Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary]
2. [Image Philosophes]
3. [Secondary Discussion Emilie, Marquise du Chatelet]
4. [Primary Source Jonathan Swift, Advice to the Grub Street Verse-Writers]
5. [Primary Source London Gazette, 1692]
6. [Primary Source Coffeehouse]
7. [Image Reading]
8. [Secondary Discussion Claude Adrien Helvetius]
9. [Primary Source On Julie de Lespinasse]
10. [Secondary Discussion Germaine de Stael]
11. [Image Encyclopedie]
12. [Secondary Discussion Encyclopedists]
13. [Image Denis Diderot]
14. [Primary Source Marquis di Beccaria, Of Crimes and Punishments]
15. [Primary Source Salon Life]

3. Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau
1. [Image Montesquieu]
2. [Primary Source Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws, 1748]
3. [Image Voltaire]
4. [Secondary Discussion Jean-Jacques Rousseau]
5. [Primary Source Jean-Jacques Rousseau Origin of Inequality Among Men, 1755]
6. [Primary Source Rousseau, Social Contract, 1762]
7. [Image Rousseau]

4. Political Economists
1. [Secondary Discussion Physiocrats]
2. [Image Quesnay]
3. [Website Turgot]
4. [Primary Source Adam Smith, Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations]

5. Main Currents of Enlightenment Thought
1. [Primary Source Condorcet, Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind]
2. [Secondary Discussion Voltaire at Frederick the Great's Court]

XXXVII. Enlightened Despotism: France, Austria, Prussia

1. The Meaning of Enlightened Despotism
1. [Secondary Discussion Enlightened despotism]

2. The Failure of Enlightened Despotism in France
1. [Secondary Discussion Maupeou]
2. [Image Louis XVI]

3. Austria: The Reforms of Maria Theresa (1740-1780) and of Joseph II (1780-1790)
1. [Primary Source Description of the Empress Maria Theresa, 1749]
2. [Image Maria Theresa]
3. [Virtual Tour] Schonbrunn Castle]
4. [Image Joseph II]
5. [Secondary Discussion Febronianism ]
6. [Image Leopold]

4. Prussia under Frederick the Great (1740-1786)
1. [Primary Source Frederick the Great, Essay on Forms of Government]

5. Prussia society remained stratified

XXXVIII. Enlightened Despotism: Russia

1. Russia after Peter the Great
1. [Image St. Petersburg of Peter I and Catherine I]
2. [Secondary Discussion Elizabeth]

2. Catherine the Great (1762-1796): Domestic Program
1. [Primary Sources] Domestic Program]
2. [Primary Source Instructions of Catherine II to the Legislative Commission, 1767]
3. [Secondary Discussion Emelian Pugachev (image p. 321)]
4. [Primary Sources] Alexander Radishchev, Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow, 1790]

3. Catherine the Great: Foreign Affairs
1. [Map Russian expansion]
2. [Secondary Discussion Grigori Potemkin]

4. The Limitations of Enlightened Despotism

XXXIX. New Stirrings: The British Reform Movement

1. Onset of an Age of "Democratic Revolution"
1. [Secondary Discussion Was There an "Atlantic Revolution"?]

2. The English-Speaking Countries: Parliament and Reform
1. [Secondary Discussion Parliament]
2. [Image The House of Commons, 1741]
3. [Secondary Discussion Lord North]
4. [Secondary Discussion Whigs]
5. [Secondary Discussion Tory]
6. [Secondary Discussion Dissenters]

3. Parliamentary reformers
1. [Map Parliamentary Representation before 1832]
2. [Secondary Discussion John Wilkes]
3. [Secondary Discussion Society for the Supporters of the Bill of Rights]
4. [Secondary Discussion Edmund Burke]
5. [Secondary Discussion William Pitt]
6. [Secondary Discussion Charles James Fox]

4. Scotland, Ireland, India
1. [Secondary Discussion Jacobites]
2. [Secondary Discussion Volunteer Companies]
3. [Primary Source Declaration of United Irishmen]
4. [Secondary Discussion Rebellion of 1798]
5. [Primary Source Act of Union]
6. [Map British India]
7. [Secondary Discussion Regulating Act for India, 1773]
8. [Secondary Discussion Warren Hastings]

XXXX. The American Revolution

1. Background to the Revolution
1. [Primary Source Stamp Act]
2. [Primary Source Boston Tea Party]
3. [Secondary Discussion Quebec Act]
4. [Primary Source Edmund Burke, Speech on conciliation with America, 1775]

2. The War of American Independence
1. [Image George Washington]
2. [Secondary Discussion Thomas Paine]
3. [Primary Source Declaration of Independence]

3. Significance of the Revolution

XXVII. The Partitions of Poland

1. [Primary Source Division of Poland]
2. [Secondary Discussion Thaddeus Kosciuszko and Uprising of 1794]