The Evolutionary–Ecological Model Continued

Horticulture as a Subsistence Strategy

Features Associated with Horticultural Lifeways

Extensive technology

Sedentary lifestyle

Larger groups and kinship structures

Property and Ownership

Poorer nutrition

Higher energy budget

Economic production generalists

Division of labor

Distribution of goods

Pastoralism as a Subsistence Strategy

Features Associated with Pastoral Lifeways

Production based on sophisticated technology

Nomadic lifestyle

Nomadic pastoralism

Transhumance

Large populations

Property Ownership

Improved nutrition

High energy budget

Kinship and division of labor

Distribution of goods

Horticulturalists and Pastoralists Today

Agriculture as a Subsistence Strategy

Features Associated with Intensive Agricultural Lifeways

More Levels of technology

Sedentary lifestyle

Stratified societies

Property ownership

Poor-quality nutrition

Lower energy budget

Economic specialization

Division of labor

Systems of Distribution

Redistribution

Market exchange

Summary

Study Questions

Suggested Readings

Suggested Web Sites