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Multiple Choice Quiz

1
Which of the following exemplifies the way labeling theorists view criminals?
A)criminals are individuals who have criminal status conferred upon them
B)deviants are inherently evil people
C)criminals possess characteristics consistent with deviant acts
D)criminals are a product of environmental influences
2
How does Howard S. Becker define deviance?
A)acts that cause harm to innocent people
B)acts that violate the consensus of society
C)behavior that people so label
D)acts that have universal acceptance as being criminal or radical in nature
3
Which of the following views apply to the labeling perspective?
A)laws reflect shared values
B)those in power decide who will be the rule breakers
C)powerful groups use law to support their interests
D)laws serve the interest of the ruling class
4
Which of the following persons did not contribute to the formation of labeling theory?
A)Charles Horton Cooley
B)William I. Thomas
C)George Herbert Mead
D)Karl Marx
5
Which term did Frank Tannenbaum use to describe the process of labeling?
A)transgressor manipulation
B)dramatization of evil
C)segregation of outsiders
D)societal outcasts
6
Edwin Lemert referred to repetitive acts of deviance following societal response to the initial act as:
A)primary deviance.
B)informal deviance.
C)secondary deviance.
D)recidivistic deviance.
7
Which term does Howard S. Becker use to describe people in powerful positions that define criminal behavior and enforce social rules that societal members have to live by?
A)moral entrepreneurs
B)outsiders
C)criminal crusaders
D)deviant judiciary
8
Which controversial law enforcement practice has commonly been used to illustrate the labeling perspective?
A)police accepting gratuities
B)issuance of written tickets
C)taking of mug shots
D)racial profiling
9
Which crucial factor determines a negative public reaction to delinquent boys, according to research by William Chambliss?
A)age of the person
B)social class of the offender
C)gender of the offender
D)educational ranking
10
Which of the following is considered a primary criticism of the labeling perspective?
A)why people originally engage in deviant behavior knowing it is socially disapproved
B)the theory is too class conscious
C)it only concentrates on serious criminal behaviors
D)it ignores the role of society in creating deviant definitions
11
The consensus model of criminal lawmaking suggests deviant acts are:
A)a result of powerful groups making law.
B)a result of societal responses to negative acts.
C)necessary to reaffirm commitment to shared values.
D)criminal behaviors that are agreed upon by all members of society.
12
Conflict theorists contend laws exist:
A)for the collective good.
B)to represent the interests of specific groups with power.
C)to bring about equality in social life.
D)for the purpose of democracy in government.
13
Which of the following sociologists first related conflict theory to criminology?
A)George Vold
B)Ralf Dahrendorf
C)Austin Turk
D)Emile Durkheim
14
Which factors did Ralf Dahrendorf suggest are the most important characteristics of class?
A)money and self-concept
B)reputation and repute
C)prestige and self-worth
D)power and authority
15
Which of the following forms of power was not suggested by Austin Turk to be used for control of society's goods and services?
A)consensus power
B)police or war power
C)economic power
D)ideological power
16
Which of the following did Karl Marx argue is the worst crime committed by the ruling class against society?
A)capitalism
B)greed
C)exploitation of workers
D)predatory behavior
17
What does Willem Bonger suggest is the main purpose of production in a capitalist society?
A)to feed society
B)profit
C)social integration
D)satisfy economic conditions
18
The notion that that rich and powerful people create crimes to distract attention away from the injustices they inflict on the masses in a society, is central to which view?
A)labeling perspective
B)conflict theory
C)radical conflict theory
D)consensus theory
19
Critics of Marxist criminological theory suggest the approach:
A)is a revival of the Robin Hood myth where the poor are forced to steal from the rich.
B)is not harsh enough on capitalism.
C)has not encouraged a critical look at the criminal justice system.
D)does not address social inequality.
20
Which radical criminology view is primarily concerned with restorative justice for communities, victims, and offenders?
A)conflict theory
B)left realism perspective
C)abolitionist criminology
D)peacemaking criminology





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