| Accommodate | In regard to achieving the American Dream, to adjust noneconomic needs so that they are secondary to and supportive of economic ones.
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| Accomplice | A person who helps another commit a crime.
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| Aggravated assault | An attack on another person in which the perpetrator inflicts serious harm on the victim or uses a deadly weapon.
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| Aging-out phenomenon | A concept that holds that offenders commit less crime as they get older because they have less strength, initiative, stamina, and mobility.
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| Anomie | A societal state marked by normlessness, in which disintegration and chaos have replaced social cohesion.
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| Arraignment | First stage of the trial process, at which the indictment or information is read in open court and the defendant is requested to respond.
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| Arson | At common law, the malicious burning of the dwelling house of another. This definition has been broadened by state statutes and criminal codes to cover the burning of other structures or even personal property.
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| Assault | At common law, an unlawful offer or attempt with force or violence to do a corporal hurt to another or to frighten another.
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| Atavistic stigmata | Physical features of a human being at an earlier stage of development, which—according to Cesare Lombroso—distinguish a born criminal from the general population.
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| Attachment | The bond between a parent and child or between individuals and their family, friends, and school.
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| Bankruptcy fraud | A scam in which an individual falsely attempts to claim bankruptcy (and thereby erase financial debts) by taking advantage of existing laws.
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| Battery | A common law crime consisting of the intentional touching of or inflicting of hurt on another.
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| Behavioral modeling | Learning how to behave by fashioning one's behavior after that of others.
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| Belief | The extent to which an individual subscribes to society's values.
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| Biocriminology | The subdiscipline of criminology that investigates biological and genetic factors and their relation to criminal behavior.
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| Birth cohort | A group consisting of all individuals born in the same year.
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| Boiler room | An operation run by one or more stock manipulators who, through deception and misleading sales techniques, seduce the unsuspecting and uninformed public into buying stocks in obscure and often poorly financed corporations.
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| Born criminal | According to Lombroso, a person born with features resembling an earlier, more primitive form of human life, destined to become a criminal.
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| Burglary | A common law felony, the nighttime breaking and entering of the dwelling house of another, with the intention to commit a crime (felony or larceny) therein.
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| Case study | An analysis of all pertinent aspects of one unit of study.
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| Certiorari, writ of | A writ issued by a higher court directing a lower court to prepare the record of a case and send it to the higher court for review.
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| Challenge for cause | A challenge to remove a potential juror because of his or her inability to render a fair and impartial decision in a case. See also Peremptory challenges; Voir dire.
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| Check forging | The criminal offense of making or altering a check with intent to defraud.
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| Chromosomes | Basic cellular structures containing genes, i.e., biological material that creates individuality.
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| Churning | Frequent trading, by a broker, of a client's shares of stock for the sole purpose of generating large commissions.
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| Classical school of criminology | A criminological perspective suggesting that (1) people have free will to choose criminal or conventional behavior; (2) people choose to commit crime for reasons of greed or personal need; and (3) crime can be controlled by criminal sanctions, which should be proportionate to the guilt of the perpetrator.
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| Commitment | A person's support of and participation in a program, cause, or social activity, which ties the individual to the moral or ethical codes of society.
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| Community policing | A strategy that relies on public confidence and citizen cooperation to help prevent crime and make the residents of a community feel more secure.
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| Comparative criminology | The study of crime in two or more cultures in an effort to gain broader information for theory construction and crime-control modeling.
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| Conditioning | The process of developing a behavior pattern through a series of repeated experiences.
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| Conduct norms | Norms that regulate the daily lives of people and that reflect the attitudes of the groups to which they belong.
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| Confidence game | A deceptive means of obtaining money or property from a victim who is led to trust the perpetrator.
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| Conflict model | A model of crime in which the criminal justice system is seen as being used by the ruling class to control the lower class. Criminological investigation of the conflicts within society is emphasized.
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| Conformity | Correspondence of an individual's behavior to society's patterns, norms, or standards.
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| Conjugal visits | A program that permits prisoners to have contact with their spouses or significant others in order to maintain positive relationships.
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| Consensus model | A model of criminal lawmaking that assumes that members of society agree on what is right and wrong and that law is the codification of agreed-upon social values.
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| Constable | An officer, established by the Statute of Winchester in 1285, who was responsible for suppressing riots and violent crimes in each county; later, a local law enforcement officer, lowest rank in some police hierarchies.
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| Consumer fraud | An act that causes a consumer to surrender money through deceit or a misrepresentation of a material fact.
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| Containment theory | A theory positing that every person possesses a containing external structure and a protective internal structure, both of which provide defense, protection, or insulation against delinquency.
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| Corporate crime | A crime attributed to a corporation, but perpetrated by or on the authority of an officer or high managerial agent.
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| Corrections | Implementation and execution of sentences imposed by the courts; also, the system that administers those sentences.
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| Cortical arousal | Activation of the cerebral cortex, a structure of the brain that is responsible for higher intellectual functioning, information processing, and decision making.
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| Crime | An act in violation of law that causes harm, is identified by law, is committed with criminal intent, and is subject to punishment.
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| Crimes against property | Crimes involving the illegal acquisition or destruction of property. See Crime.
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| Crimes against the person | Crimes violative of life or physical integrity. See Crime.
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| Criminal attempt | An act or omission constituting a substantial step in a course of conduct planned to culminate in the commission of a crime.
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| Criminal careers | A concept that describes the onset of criminal activity, the types and amount of crime committed, and the termination of such activity.
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| Criminology | The body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. It includes within its scope the process of making laws, of breaking laws, and of reacting toward the breaking of laws (Sutherland). Thus, criminology is an empirical, social-behavioral science that investigates crime, criminals, and criminal justice.
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| Cultural deviance theories | Theories positing that crime results from cultural values which permit, or even demand, behavior in violation of the law.
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| Cultural transmission | A theory that views delinquency as a socially learned behavior transmitted from one generation to the next in disorganized urban areas.
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| Culture conflict theory | A theory positing that two groups may clash when their conduct norms differ, resulting in criminal activity.
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| Data | Collected facts, observations, and other pertinent information from which conclusions can be drawn.
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| Defense counsel | A lawyer retained by an individual accused of a crime, or assigned by the court if the individual is unable to pay.
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| Deterrence | The theory of punishment which envisages that potential offenders will refrain from committing crimes out of fear of punishment (sometimes called general prevention).
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| Deviance | A broad concept encompassing both illegal behavior and behavior that departs from the social norm.
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| Differential association-reinforcement | A theory of criminality based on the incorporation of psychological learning theory and differential association with social learning theory. Criminal behavior, the theory claims, is learned through associations and is contained or discontinued as a result of positive or negative reinforcements.
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| Differential association theory | A theory of criminality based on the principle that an individual becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions learned that are favorable to violation of law over definitions learned that are unfavorable to violation of law.
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| Differential opportunity theory | A theory that attempts to join the concept of anomie and differential association by analyzing both legitimate and illegitimate opportunity structures available to individuals. It posits that illegitimate opportunities, like legitimate opportunities, are unequally distributed.
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| Direct control | An external control that depends on rules, restrictions, and punishments.
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| Direct file | Prosecutor's power to try juveniles directly in adult criminal court.
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| Directed verdict | A verdict of acquittal pronounced by the judge when the evidence against the accused is so poor that acquittal is the only possible verdict.
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| Displacement | In the event that a crime has been prevented, the commission of a quantitatively similar crime at a different time or place.
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| Dizygotic (DZ) twins | Fraternal twins, who develop from two separate eggs fertilized at the same time. See also Monozygotic twins.
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| Drift | According to David Matza, a state of limbo in which youths move in and out of delinquency and in which their lifestyles can embrace both conventional and deviant values.
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| Due process | According to the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, a fundamental mandate that a person should not be deprived of life, liberty, or property without reasonable and lawful procedures.
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| Ego | The part of the psyche that, according to psychoanalytic theory, governs rational behavior; the moderator between the superego and the id.
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| Embezzlement | The crime of withholding or withdrawing (conversion or misappropriation), without consent, funds entrusted to an agent (e.g., a bank teller or officer).
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| Employment prison | A prison for low-risk offenders. Prisoners work at jobs outside the prison during the day but return to prison after work.
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| Equal protection | A clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that guarantees equal protection of the law to everyone, without regard to race, origin, economic class, gender, or religion.
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| Eugenics | A science, based on the principle of heredity, that has for its purpose the improvement of the race.
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| Exclusionary rule | A rule prohibiting use of illegally obtained or otherwise inadmissible evidence in a court of law.
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| Experiment | A research technique in which an investigator introduces a change into a process in order to make measurements or observations that evaluate the effects of the change.
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| Extroversion | According to Hans Eysenck, a dimension of the human personality; describes individuals who are sensation-seeking, dominant, and assertive.
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| False pretenses, obtaining property by | Leading a victim to part with property on a voluntary basis through trickery, deceit, or misrepresentation.
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| Federal Witness Protection Program | A program, established under the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, designed to protect witnesses who testify in court by relocating them and assigning to them new identities.
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| Fee system | A system, used in some rural areas, in which the county government pays a modest amount of money for each prisoner per day as an operating budget.
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| Felony | A severe crime, subject to punishment of 1 year or more in prison or to capital punishment.
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| Felony murder | The imposition of criminal liability for murder upon one who participates in the commission of a felony that is dangerous to life and that causes the death of another.
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| Fence | A receiver of stolen property who resells the goods for profit.
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| Field experiment | An experiment conducted in a real-world setting, as opposed to one conducted in a laboratory.
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| Frankpledge | An ancient system whereby members of a tithing, an association of 10 families, were bound together by a mutual pledge to keep the peace. Every male over age 12 was part of the system.
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| Fraud | An act of trickery or deceit, especially involving misrepresentation.
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| General strain theory | A criminological theory positing that criminal behavior can result from strain caused by failure to achieve positively valued goals, stress caused by the removal of positively valued stimuli from the individual, or strain caused by the presentation of negative stimuli.
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| Good-time system | A system under which time is deducted from a prison sentence for good behavior within the institution.
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| Habeas corpus | A writ requesting that a person or an institution that is detaining a named prisoner bring him or her before a judicial officer and give reasons for the prisoner's capture and detention so that the lawfulness of the imprisonment may be determined.
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| High-tech crime | The pursuit of illegal activities through the use of advanced electronic media.
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| Homicide | The killing of one person by another.
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| Hypoglycemia | A condition that may occur in susceptible individuals when the level of blood sugar falls below an acceptable range, causing anxiety, headaches, confusion, fatigue, and aggressive behavior.
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| Hypothesis | A proposition set forth as an explanation for some specified phenomenon.
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| Id | The part of the personality that, according to psychoanalytic theory, contains powerful urges and drives for gratification and satisfaction.
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| Index crimes | The eight major crimes included in Part I of the Uniform Crime Reports: criminal homicide, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, auto theft, and arson.
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| Indictment | Accusation against a criminal defendant rendered by a grand jury on the basis of evidence constituting a prima facie case.
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| Indirect control | A behavioral influence that arises from an individual's identification with noncriminals and his or her desire to conform to societal norms.
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| Information | Accusation against a defendant prepared by a prosecuting attorney.
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| Inmate code | An informal set of rules that reflects the values of the prison society.
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| Insider trading | The use of material nonpublic financial information to obtain an unfair advantage in trading securities.
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| Intensive-supervision probation (ISP) | An alternative to prison for convicted nonviolent offenders who do not qualify for routine probation.
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| Internalized control | Self-regulation of behavior and conformity to societal norms as a result of guilt feelings arising in the conscience.
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| International crimes | The major criminal offenses so designated by the community of nations for the protection of interests common to all humankind.
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| International criminal court | A court that would have jurisdiction over the most heinous international crimes.
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| Involuntary manslaughter | Homicide in which the perpetrator unintentionally but recklessly causes the death of another person by consciously taking a grave risk that endangers the person's life.
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| Involvement | An individual's participation in conventional activities.
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| Just deserts | A philosophy of justice which asserts that the punishment should fit the crime and culpability of the offender. See also Retribution.
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| Justice of the peace | Originally (established in 1326), an untrained man, usually of the lower nobility, who was assigned to investigate and try minor cases; presently, a judge of a lower local or municipal court with limited jurisdiction.
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| Justifiable homicide | A homicide, permitted by law, in defense of a legal right or mandate.
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| Kidnapping | A felony consisting of the seizure and abduction of a person by force or threat of force and against the victim's will. Under federal law, the victim of a kidnapping is one who has been taken across state lines and held for ransom.
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| Labeling theory | A theory that explains deviance in terms of the process by which a person acquires a negative identity, such as "addict" or "ex-con," and is forced to suffer the consequences of outcast status.
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| Larceny | The trespassory (unconsented) taking and carrying away of personal property belonging to another with the intent to deprive the owner of the property permanently.
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| Laws of imitation | An explanation of crime as learned behavior. Individuals are thought to emulate behavior patterns of others with whom they have contact.
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| Longitudinal study | An analysis that focuses on studies of a particular group conducted repeatedly over a period of time.
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| Macrosociological study | The study of overall social arrangements, their structures, and their long-term effects.
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| Mafia | The entirety of those Sicilian families which, in both the United States and Sicily, are loosely associated with one another in operating organized crime.
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| Malice aforethought | The mens rea requirement for murder, consisting of the intention to kill with the awareness that there is no right to kill. See also Mens rea.
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| Mandatory sentence | A sentence that is specified by law and that a judge has no power to alter.
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| Manslaughter | Criminal homicide without malice, committed intentionally after provocation (voluntary manslaughter) or recklessly (involuntary manslaughter).
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| Mass murder | The killing of several persons, in one act or transaction, by one perpetrator or a group of perpetrators.
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| Mens rea | (Latin, "guilty mind") Awareness of wrongdoing; the intention to commit a criminal act or behave recklessly.
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| Microsociological study | The study of everyday patterns of behavior and personal interactions.
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| Minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) | An attention-deficit disorder that may produce such asocial behavior as impulsivity, hyperactivity, and aggressiveness.
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| Miranda warning | A warning that explains the rights of an arrestee. An arresting officer is required by law to recite the warning at the time of the arrest.
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| Misdemeanor | A crime less serious than a felony and subject to a maximum sentence of one year in jail or a fine.
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| Money laundering | The process by which money derived from illegal activities (especially drug sales) is unlawfully taken out of the country, placed in a numbered account abroad, and then transferred as funds no longer "dirty."
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| Monozygotic (MZ) twins | Identical twins, who develop from a single fertilized egg that divides into two embryos. See also Dizygotic twins.
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| Motion | An oral or written request to a judge that asks the court to make a specified ruling, finding, decision, or order. It may be presented at any appropriate moment from arrest until the end of the trial.
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| Motion to dismiss | A request by the defense that the trial proceedings be terminated.
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| Murder | The unlawful (usually intentional) killing of a human being with malice aforethought.
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| Neuroticism | A personality disorder marked by low self-esteem, excessive anxiety, and wide mood swings (Eysenck).
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| Night watchman | Originally, a thirteenth-century untrained citizen who patrolled at night on the lookout for disturbances.
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| Nonparticipant observation | A study in which investigators observe closely but do not become participants.
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| Occupational crime | A crime committed by an individual for his or her own benefit, in the course of performing a profession.
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| Parens patriae | (Latin, "father of the fatherland") Assumption by the state of the role of guardian over children whose parents are deemed incapable or unworthy.
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| Parole | Supervised conditional release of a convicted prisoner before expiration of the sentence of imprisonment.
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| Participant observation | Collection of information through involvement in the social life of the group a researcher is studying.
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| Penitentiary | A prison or place of confinement and correction for persons convicted of felonies; originally, a place where convicts did penance.
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| Penologist | A social scientist who studies and applies the theory and methods of punishment for crime.
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| Peremptory challenges | Challenges (limited in number) by which a potential juror may be dismissed by either the prosecution or the defense without assignment of reason. See also Challenge for cause; Voir dire.
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| Phrenology | A nineteenth-century theory based on the hypothesis that human behavior is localized in certain specific brain and skull areas. According to this theory, criminal behavior can be determined by the bumps on the head.
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| Physiognomy | The study of facial features and their relation to human behavior.
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| Pimp | A procurer or manager of prostitutes who provides access to prostitutes and protects and exploits them, living off their proceeds.
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| Plea bargaining | Making an agreement between defense and prosecution for certain leniencies in return for a guilty plea.
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| Plead | To respond to a criminal charge. Forms of pleas are guilty, not guilty, and nolo contendere.
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| Police subculture | The result of socialization and bonding among police officers due to the stress and anxiety produced on the job.
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| Population | A large group of persons in a study.
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| Pornography | The portrayal, by whatever means, of lewd or obscene (sexually explicit) material prohibited by law.
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| Positivist school of criminology | A criminological perspective that uses the scientific methods of the natural sciences and suggests that human behavior is a product of social, biological, psychological, or economic forces.
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| Preliminary hearing | A preview of a trial held in court before a judge, in which the prosecution must produce sufficient evidence of guilt for the case to be bound over for the grand jury or to proceed to trial.
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| Presumptive sentence | A sentence whose length is specified by law but which may be modified by a judge under limited circumstances.
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| Prima facie case | A case in which there is as much evidence as would warrant the conviction of the defendant if properly proved in court, unless contradicted; a case that meets evidentiary requirements for grand-jury indictment.
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| Primary data | Facts and observations that researchers gather by conducting their own measurements for a study.
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| Principals | Perpetrators of a criminal act.
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| Prisonization | A socialization process in which new prisoners learn the ways of prison society, including rules, hierarchy, customs, and culture.
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| Probable cause | A set of facts that would induce a reasonable person to believe that an accused person committed the offense in question; the minimum evidence requirement for an arrest, according to the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
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| Probation | An alternative to imprisonment, allowing a person found guilty of an offense to stay in the community, under conditions and with supervision.
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| Problem-oriented policing | A strategy to enhance community relations and to improve crime prevention whereby police work with citizens to identify and respond to problems in a given community.
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| Prosecutor | An attorney and government official who represents the people in proceedings against persons accused of criminal acts.
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| Prostitution | The practice of engaging in sexual activities for hire.
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| Psychoanalytic theory | In criminology, a theory of criminality that attributes delinquent and criminal behavior to a conscience that is either so overbearing that it arouses excessive feelings of guilt or so weak that it cannot control the individual's impulses.
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| Psychopathy | A condition in which a person appears to be psychologically normal but in reality has no sense of responsibility, shows disregard for truth, is insincere, and feels no sense of shame, guilt, or humiliation (also called sociopathy).
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| Psychosis | A mental illness characterized by a loss of contact with reality.
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| Psychoticism | A dimension of the human personality describing individuals who are aggressive, egocentric, and impulsive (Eysenck).
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| Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act | A federal statute that provides for forfeiture of assets derived from a criminal enterprise.
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| Radical criminology | A criminological perspective that studies the relationships between economic disparity and crime, avers that crime is the result of a struggle between owners of capital and workers for the distribution of power and resources, and posits that crime will disappear only when capitalism is abolished.
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| Random sample | A sample chosen in such a way as to ensure that each person in the population to be studied has an equal chance of being selected. See also Sample.
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| Rape | At common law, a felony consisting of the carnal knowledge (intercourse), by force and violence, by a man of a woman (not his wife) against her will. The stipulation that the woman not be the man's wife is omitted in modern statutes. Many states now call rape "sexual assault."
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| Rational choice | A theory stating that crime is the result of a decision-making process in which the offender weighs the potential penalties and rewards of committing a crime.
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| Reaction formation | An individual response to anxiety in which the person reacts to a stimulus with abnormal intensity or inappropriate conduct.
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| Reasonable suspicion | Warranted suspicion (short of probable cause) that a person may be engaged in the commission of a crime.
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| Rehabilitation | A punishment philosophy that asserts that through proper correctional intervention, a criminal can be reformed into a law-abiding citizen.
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| Restorative justice | An approach to sentencing that seeks both to restore those who suffered from a crime to their original sense of well-being and to make it clear that justice in itself is being restored.
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| Retribution | An "eye for an eye" philosophy of justice. See also Just deserts.
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| Robbery | The taking of the property of another, or out of his or her presence, by means of force and violence or the threat thereof.
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| Routine activity | A theory stating that an increase or decrease in crime rates can be explained by changes in the daily habits of potential victims; based on the expectation that crimes will occur where there is a suitable target unprotected by guardians.
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| Sample | A selected subset of a population to be studied. See also Random sample.
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| Secondary data | Facts and observations that were previously collected for a different study.
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| Selective incapacitation | The targeting of high-risk and recidivistic offenders for rigorous prosecution and incarceration.
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| Self-report survey | A survey in which respondents answer in a confidential interview or, most often, by completing an anonymous questionnaire.
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| Sentencing commission | An independent agency authorized by a legislature to create sentencing guidelines.
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| Serial murder | The killing of several victims over a period of time by the same perpetrator(s).
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| Sheriff | The principal law enforcement officer of a county.
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| Sherman Antitrust Act | An act (1890) of Congress prohibiting any contract, conspiracy, or combination of business interests in restraint of foreign or interstate trade.
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| Shock incarceration (SI) | Short-term, high-intensity confinement intended to shock convicts into disciplined lifestyles.
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| Shoplifting | Stealing goods from stores or markets.
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| Simple assault | An attack that inflicts little or no physical harm on the victim.
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| Social control theory | An explanation of criminal behavior that focuses on control mechanisms, techniques, and strategies for regulating human behavior, leading to conformity or obedience to society's rules, and which posits that deviance results when social controls are weakened or break down, so that individuals are not motivated to conform to them.
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| Social disorganization theory | A theory of criminality in which the breakdown of effective social bonds, primary-group associations, and social controls in neighborhoods and communities is held to result in development of high-crime areas.
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| Social interactionists | Scholars who view the human self as formed through a process of social interaction.
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| Social learning theory | A theory of criminality that maintains that delinquent behavior is learned through the same psychological processes as nondelinquent behavior, e.g., through reinforcement.
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| Sociopath | A person who has no sense of responsibility; shows disregard for truth; is insincere; and feels no sense of shame, guilt, or humiliation.
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| Sodomy | Sexual intercourse by mouth or anus; a felony at common law.
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| Somatotype school of criminology | A criminological perspective that relates body build to behavioral tendencies, temperament, susceptibility to disease, and life expectancy.
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| Statutory rape | Sexual intercourse with a person incapable of giving legally relevant consent, because of immaturity (below age) or mental or physical condition.
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| Sting operation | An undercover operation in which police officers attract likely perpetrators by posing as criminals.
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| Stock manipulation | An illegal practice of brokers in which clients are led to believe that the price of a particular stock will rise, thus creating an artificial demand for it.
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| Strain theory | A criminological theory positing that a gap between culturally approved goals and legitimate means of achieving them causes frustration which leads to criminal behavior.
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| Stranger homicide | Criminal homicide committed by a person unknown and unrelated to the victim.
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| Strict liability | Liability for a crime or violation imposed without regard to the actor's guilt; criminal liability without mens rea. See also Mens rea.
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| Subculture | A subdivision within the dominant culture that has its own norms, beliefs, and values.
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| Subculture of violence | A subculture with values that demand the overt use of violence in certain social situations.
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| Superego | In psychoanalytic theory, the conscience, or those aspects of the personality that threaten the person or impose a sense of guilt or psychic suffering and thus restrain the id.
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| Survey | The systematic collection of information by asking questions in questionnaires or interviews.
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| Synnomie | A societal state, opposite of anomie, marked by social cohesion achieved through the sharing of values.
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| Target hardening | A crime-prevention technique that seeks to make it more difficult to commit a given offense, by better protecting the threatened object or person.
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| Team policing | A strategy for improving contacts between citizens and police, whereby a team of officers is responsible for a specific neighborhood on a 24-hour basis.
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| Terrorism | The use of violence against a target to create fear, alarm, dread, or coercion for the purpose of obtaining concessions or rewards or commanding public attention for a political cause.
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| Theories of victimization | Theories that explain the role that victims play in the crimes that happen to them.
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| Theory | A coherent group of propositions used as principles in explaining or accounting for known facts or phenomena.
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| Tithing | In Anglo-Saxon law, an association of 10 families bound together by a frankpledge, for purposes of crime control. See also Frankpledge.
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| Tort | An injury or wrong committed against a person's property, subject to compensation; an infringement of the rights of an individual that is not founded on either contract or criminal law prohibition.
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| Transnational crime | A criminal act or transaction violating the laws of more than one country or having an impact on a foreign country.
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| Utilitarianism | A criminological perspective positing that crime prevention and criminal justice must serve the end of providing the greatest good for the greatest number; based on the rationality of lawgivers, law enforcers, and the public at large.
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| Variables | Changeable factors.
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| Victim precipitation | Opening oneself up, by either direct or subliminal means, to a criminal response.
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| Victimization survey | A survey that measures the extent of crime by interviewing individuals about their experiences as victims.
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| Vindication | Condemnation of the commission of offenses.
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| Violation | Minor criminal offense, usually under a city ordinance, commonly subject only to a fine.
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| Voir dire | A process in which lawyers and a judge question potential jurors in order to select those who are acceptable, that is, those who are unbiased and objective in relation to the particular trial. See also Challenge for cause; Peremptory challenges.
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| Voluntary manslaughter | Homicide in which the perpetrator intentionally, but without malice, causes the death of another person, as in the heat of passion, in response to strong provocation, or possibly under severe intoxication.
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| White-collar crime | A sociological concept encompassing any violation of the law committed by a person or group of persons in the course of an otherwise respected and legitimate occupation or business enterprise.
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