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Multiple Choice Quiz
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1
The emphasis on developing laws of behavior that can be applied to individuals:
A)emerged only after sufficiently clear relationships had been identified via group experiments.
B)has never been accepted within psychology.
C)dates back to psychology's beginnings as an experimental discipline.
D)has been discarded because of its impossibility.
2
Another name for the single-subject design is the:
A)small-n design.
B)within-subjects design.
C)repeated-measures design.
D)between-subjects design.
3
When researchers refer to "single-subject designs," they usually mean:
A)within-subjects designs.
B)between-subjects designs.
C)baseline designs.
D)discrete trials designs.
4
The essential feature of the baseline design is its use of:
A)a single subject.
B)a behavioral baseline.
C)inferential statistics.
D)discrete trials.
5
The phase of a baseline experiment in which the treatment is introduced is the __________ phase.
A)baseline
B)intervention
C)replication
D)examination
6
In the _________ design, subjects are exposed to the baseline and intervention phases twice.
A)discrete trials
B)dynamic
C)ABABABAB
D)ABAB
7
When you move from baseline to intervention and then back to baseline, you are using:
A)a reversal strategy.
B)intersubject replication.
C)a dynamic design.
D)a drifting baseline.
8
The stability criterion is used in baseline designs to:
A)identify when the baseline no longer shows any systematic trends.
B)determine when to move the subject to the next phase.
C)determine when the value of the independent variable has become stable.
D)Both a and b
9
The only way to determine whether your stability criterion has been met is to:
A)conduct a statistical analysis on the baseline data.
B)plot your data after each session and examine them.
C)consult an astrologer.
D)compute the standard error for the baseline data.
10
A successful intrasubject replication in a baseline experiment indicates that:
A)the results are probably reliable.
B)the results will generalize to other subjects.
C)the results will generalize to other species.
D)All of the above
11
Single-subject baseline designs use _______________________ to establish the generality of findings across subjects.
A)intersubject replication
B)intrasubject replication
C)random sampling
D)extrasubject replication
12
Intersubject replication helps to establish the __________ of your results.
A)reliability
B)face validity
C)internal validity
D)external validity
13
If the baseline shows unacceptably high fluctuations over time within a condition, you should:
A)increase the number of subjects in the experiment.
B)reduce the stability criterion.
C)take steps to identify the factors responsible and control them.
D)abandon the experiment.
14
Drifting baselines:
A)render a baseline experiment totally confounded.
B)are desirable in baseline experiments.
C)make a statistical analysis of the data mandatory.
D)can be dealt with if the drift is relatively uniform over time.
15
When using multiple levels of the independent variable in a single-subject design:
A)you do not have to worry about carryover effects.
B)you include enough subjects to completely counterbalance treatment order across subjects.
C)you administer the various levels of the independent variable repeatedly to each subject while varying the order of presentation.
D)you cannot conduct such a design; instead, you must use a within-subjects design.
16
Single-subject baseline designs:
A)are limited to investigating a single factor at a time.
B)can be used to evaluate the effects of two or more independent variables and their interactions.
C)cannot be used to investigate multiple dependent variables within a single experiment.
D)All of the above
17
If the baseline is irreversible:
A)you cannot use a single-subject design.
B)a multiple-baseline design may be used to establish the effectiveness of the independent variable.
C)you should increase the number of subjects.
D)you should take up another vocation.
18
The design that is used to evaluate a continuously varying independent variable is the:
A)ABABA.
B)multiple baseline design.
C)dynamic design.
D)discrete trials design.
19
According to your text, the baseline design is very similar to the _________ design.
A)dynamic
B)discrete trials
C)systematic
D)ABA
20
Single-subject discrete trials designs:
A)expose each subject once to all the conditions of the experiment.
B)average across subjects within each treatment.
C)average across multiple exposures of the same subject, within each treatment.
D)do not use averaging to gain stability in treatment means.
21
The analysis of data from single-subject discrete trials experiments is usually determined by:
A)whether the data meet the assumptions of a parametric statistical test.
B)a theory or model of the behavior being examined.
C)the type of baseline.
D)the number of subjects tested.
22
Standard inferential statistics may give misleading results when applied to data from single-subject discrete trials experiments because:
A)serial dependency may exist across adjacent observations within a treatment.
B)scores from different subjects may be correlated.
C)subjects are not randomly assigned to treatments.
D)of experimenter bias.
23
The main advantage of the single-subject approach is its:
A)emphasis on statistical hypothesis testing.
B)brevity.
C)focus on controlling error variance.
D)ability to eliminate carryover.
24
Single-subject designs may not be the best approach when:
A)subject variables having a large effect on the dependent variable cannot be controlled.
B)subjects are available only for a brief period of time.
C)treatment conditions cause irreversible changes in responses to the levels of the independent variable.
D)All of the above
25
According to your text, the logic behind the single-subject approach:
A)is limited to the single-subject approach.
B)also can be applied when using the group approach.
C)applies best to the discrete trials design.
D)does not fully apply to the dynamic design.





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