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| 1 | |
According to your text, a scientific theory has which of the following characteristics? |
| | A) | It deals with potentially verifiable phenomena. |
| | B) | It is structured. |
| | C) | It is highly ordered. |
| | D) | All of the above |
| | E) | Both a and b |
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| 2 | |
A partially verified statement of a scientific relationship that cannot be directly observed is the definition offered in your text for a: |
| | A) | model. |
| | B) | law. |
| | C) | theory. |
| | D) | hypothesis. |
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| 3 | |
The relationship described by a theory must be: |
| | A) | inferred from data. |
| | B) | deduced from a law. |
| | C) | directly observed. |
| | D) | revealed by divine inspiration. |
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| 4 | |
Theories are usually more __________ than hypotheses. |
| | A) | complex |
| | B) | simple |
| | C) | testable |
| | D) | lawful |
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| 5 | |
A _______ is theory that has been substantially verified. |
| | A) | model |
| | B) | law |
| | C) | meta-theory |
| | D) | hypothesis |
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| 6 | |
Most scientific laws represent: |
| | A) | hypotheses that have been substantially verified. |
| | B) | idealized real-world relationships. |
| | C) | restrictions on behavior imposed by a governing body. |
| | D) | partially verified relationships that cannot be directly observed. |
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| 7 | |
A specific implementation of a more general theoretical view is referred to as a: |
| | A) | hypothesis. |
| | B) | fact. |
| | C) | law. |
| | D) | model. |
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| 8 | |
According to your text, when creating a computer model you must: |
| | A) | be specific about the variables included. |
| | B) | provide only general parameters for the variables involved. |
| | C) | avoid references to established theories and models. |
| | D) | avoid the temptation to compare competing theories. |
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| 9 | |
Dr. Smith proposes that alcohol affects aggression by first affecting serotonin levels in the brain that then inhibit portions of the brain that normally inhibit aggression. Dr. Smith is proposing a(n) _________ explanation in this case. |
| | A) | mechanistic |
| | B) | functional |
| | C) | fundamental |
| | D) | analogical |
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| 10 | |
A(n) ___________ explanation describes an attribute or characteristic in terms of what it does for the organism. |
| | A) | mechanistic |
| | B) | functional |
| | C) | operational |
| | D) | reductionistic |
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| 11 | |
A theory that specifies the variables and constants with which it works numerically is termed: |
| | A) | quantitative. |
| | B) | qualitative. |
| | C) | analogical. |
| | D) | fundamental. |
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| 12 | |
A theory like the correspondent inference theory of attribution, which verbally states the relationships among variables, would best be classified as a(n): |
| | A) | analogical theory. |
| | B) | fundamental theory. |
| | C) | quantitative theory. |
| | D) | qualitative theory. |
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| 13 | |
A theory that specifies how variables relate to one another but makes no attempt to explain those relationships would be classified as a(n) _________ theory. |
| | A) | quantitative |
| | B) | analogical. |
| | C) | descriptive |
| | D) | fundamental. |
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| 14 | |
A theory that explains "drive" as a kind of pressure that builds up in an organism like steam in an engine would be termed: |
| | A) | quantitative. |
| | B) | qualitative. |
| | C) | analogical. |
| | D) | fundamental. |
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| 15 | |
According to your text, the most likely reason that fundamental theories are rare in psychology is that: |
| | A) | it is not possible to generate specific enough hypotheses to test. |
| | B) | the systems studied in psychology are very complex. |
| | C) | as scientists, psychologists are not sophisticated enough to develop such theories. |
| | D) | All of the above |
| | E) | Both a and b |
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| 16 | |
Theories differ in: |
| | A) | whether they are quantitative or qualitative. |
| | B) | level of description. |
| | C) | domain or scope. |
| | D) | All of the above |
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| 17 | |
Theory A attempts to describe how perceptual mechanisms of the visual system give rise to visual perceptions, including normal and illusory ones. Theory B attempts to account for the Mueller–Lyer illusion. We can say that, of the two theories, Theory A: |
| | A) | is more quantitative. |
| | B) | is more qualitative. |
| | C) | is more fundamental. |
| | D) | has a wider domain. |
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| 18 | |
The role of theory in science is to: |
| | A) | provide understanding. |
| | B) | provide a basis for prediction. |
| | C) | generating research. |
| | D) | All of the above |
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| 19 | |
If a theory offers good grounds for believing that the phenomenon would occur under the specified conditions, that theory is said: |
| | A) | to be testable. |
| | B) | to have explanatory relevance. |
| | C) | to have heuristic value. |
| | D) | to be accurate. |
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| 20 | |
A theory with _________ can be evaluated empirically and is capable of failing the empirical test. |
| | A) | explanatory relevance |
| | B) | heuristic value |
| | C) | testability |
| | D) | predictive value |
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| 21 | |
Although a wrong theory may fail to provide a true understanding of the phenomena with which it deals, it may nevertheless: |
| | A) | make correct predictions. |
| | B) | provide a correct description of the underlying processes. |
| | C) | give correct interpretations of the data. |
| | D) | All of the above |
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| 22 | |
Theory A accounts for behavior with two assumptions, whereas Theory B accounts for the same behavior with five assumptions. In this case, we would say that Theory A __________ than Theory B. |
| | A) | has more explanatory relevance |
| | B) | is more parsimonious |
| | C) | is more testable |
| | D) | has more heuristic value |
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| 23 | |
If a theory provides ideas for new research, it is said to have: |
| | A) | moxie. |
| | B) | schmaltz. |
| | C) | heuristic value. |
| | D) | serendipity. |
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| 24 | |
A good theory should: |
| | A) | account for the existing data within its scope. |
| | B) | offer solid grounds for believing that predicted phenomena would occur under the specified conditions. |
| | C) | be capable of failing some empirical test. |
| | D) | All of the above |
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| 25 | |
According to your text, the final step in the theory construction process is to: |
| | A) | determine if it is parsimonious. |
| | B) | subject it to rigorous empirical test. |
| | C) | establish its level of explanatory relevance. |
| | D) | prove that it is correct. |
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| 26 | |
A theory is usually tested by: |
| | A) | confirming predictions made by the theory. |
| | B) | disconfirming predictions made by the theory. |
| | C) | setting up conditions to test whether effects predicted by a theory occur. |
| | D) | None of the above |
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| 27 | |
If you attempt to show that predictions of a theory are true, you are using: |
| | A) | a confirmational strategy. |
| | B) | a disconfirmational strategy. |
| | C) | strong inference. |
| | D) | weak inference. |
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| 28 | |
According to your text, adequately testing a theory requires using: |
| | A) | confirmational strategies only. |
| | B) | disconfirmational strategies only. |
| | C) | both confirmational and disconfirmational strategies together. |
| | D) | neither confirmational nor disconfirmational strategies. |
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| 29 | |
When an experiment rules out one of several alternative explanations and you design an experiment to test the remaining alternatives, you are using: |
| | A) | a confirmational strategy. |
| | B) | a disconfirmational strategy. |
| | C) | analogical comparison. |
| | D) | strong inference. |
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| 30 | |
According to your text, before trying to develop a theory that goes beyond a simple hypothesis, you should: |
| | A) | wait until an adequate observational base has been established. |
| | B) | go ahead and develop the theory even if an adequate observational base does not exist. |
| | C) | wait until "all the data are in" before developing the theory. |
| | D) | avoid using disconfirmational stategies. |
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