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| 1 | |
The large group of individuals from which you select a smaller group to include in your experiment is the: |
| | A) | sample. |
| | B) | population. |
| | C) | target group. |
| | D) | experimental group. |
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| 2 | |
Kristie is conducting a survey for her college newspaper. Because there are nearly 35,000 students on her campus, Kristie decides that she can't survey each student so she selects a smaller group of students to survey. In this example, Kristie is surveying a __________ of students. |
| | A) | sample |
| | B) | population |
| | C) | stratification |
| | D) | cross-section |
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| 3 | |
If each individual has an equal chance of being chosen for your experiment, then your sample is classified as: |
| | A) | general. |
| | B) | stratified. |
| | C) | random. |
| | D) | biased. |
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| 4 | |
The ability to apply results obtained from a small group of participants to the larger population is known as: |
| | A) | validity. |
| | B) | reliability |
| | C) | externalization. |
| | D) | generalization. |
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| 5 | |
When you use college students from a Psychology Department's "subject pool," you are using a: |
| | A) | random sample. |
| | B) | nonrandom sample. |
| | C) | subsample. |
| | D) | representative sample. |
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| 6 | |
According to your text, most experiments in psychology use a: |
| | A) | nonrandom sample. |
| | B) | random sample. |
| | C) | general sample. |
| | D) | stratified sample. |
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| 7 | |
Research comparing college students and nonstudents as research participants has found: |
| | A) | that students and nonstudents do not differ at all. |
| | B) | that students and nonstudents are so different that students should not be used in research. |
| | C) | mixed results. |
| | D) | null results. |
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| 8 | |
According to your text, studies conducted on the Internet typically us a(n) __________ sample. |
| | A) | systematic |
| | B) | stratified |
| | C) | random |
| | D) | nonrandom |
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| 9 | |
According to Krantz and Dalal (2000), the validity of research conducted on the Internet can be established by: |
| | A) | comparing the results from Internet studies with the results from conventional studies. |
| | B) | determining if Internet studies produce results that are consistent with theoretical predictions. |
| | C) | determining if the results of an Internet study can be replicated several times on the Internet. |
| | D) | All of the above |
| | E) | Both a and b |
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| 10 | |
Research comparing the results from Internet and traditional attitude surveys leads to the conclusion that: |
| | A) | Internet surveys that pay attention to sampling, reliability, and validity issues can produce results that parallel traditional surveys. |
| | B) | Internet surveys lack sufficient reliability and validity and should not be used. |
| | C) | Internet surveys are actually more reliable and valid than traditional surveys. |
| | D) | None of the above |
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| 11 | |
In a study by Link and Mokdad (2005) comparing Web surveys with mail and telephone surveys about alcohol consumption, they found that: |
| | A) | Web surveys and mail and telephone surveys yield samples with the same characteristics. |
| | B) | Web surveys generated a lower response rate than the mail and telephone surveys. |
| | C) | Web surveys generated a higher response rate than the mail and telephone surveys. |
| | D) | Both a and c |
| | E) | Both b and c |
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| 12 | |
According to your text, using rats from a single supplier for use in research results in a: |
| | A) | confounded study. |
| | B) | random sample. |
| | C) | nonrandom sample. |
| | D) | economical sample. |
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| 13 | |
If you want to apply your research results directly to a population, then it is especially crucial to use a: |
| | A) | nonrandom sample. |
| | B) | subject pool. |
| | C) | random sample. |
| | D) | systematic sample. |
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| 14 | |
The generality of your research results is affected by: |
| | A) | how representative your sample is of the population. |
| | B) | how realistic your research setting is. |
| | C) | how your independent variables are manipulated. |
| | D) | All of the above |
| | E) | Both a and b |
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| 15 | |
According to your text, the highest level of generality will result from research using a: |
| | A) | nonrandom sample. |
| | B) | true random sample. |
| | C) | strategy combining nonrandom and random sampling. |
| | D) | stratified sample. |
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| 16 | |
According to your text, true random sampling is less of a concern in most psychological research because: |
| | A) | we are not interested in generalizing our results. |
| | B) | nonrandom sampling is actually superior to random sampling when it comes to the generality of results. |
| | C) | we often directly apply our results to a population. |
| | D) | the goal of most psychological research is to make predictions from a theory to specific behavior. |
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| 17 | |
According to your text, which of the following affects how you acquire subjects for your research? |
| | A) | ethical guidelines |
| | B) | the research setting |
| | C) | the needs of your research |
| | D) | All of the above |
| | E) | Both b and c |
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| 18 | |
According to Rosenthal and Rosnow (1975), we can have maximum confidence that volunteers tend to __________ than nonvolunteers. |
| | A) | be of higher intelligence |
| | B) | come from a higher social class |
| | C) | be more social |
| | D) | All of the above |
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| 19 | |
Research shows that participants are more likely to volunteer for an experiment if: |
| | A) | they are not offered any external rewards for participation. |
| | B) | they are interested in the topic being studied in the research. |
| | C) | the experiment is highly stressful. |
| | D) | None of the above |
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| 20 | |
A study relating dimensions of the "big five" personality model and willingness to respond to a Web survey shows that, compared to nonresponders, responders were higher on which of the following personality dimensions: |
| | A) | agreeableness and openness to new experience. |
| | B) | conscientiousness. |
| | C) | introversion/extraversion. |
| | D) | All of the above |
| | E) | Both a and b |
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| 21 | |
According to your text, the best advice one can offer concerning the problem of volunteerism in research is to: |
| | A) | not conduct research using only volunteers. |
| | B) | make sure that volunteers have no personality disorders. |
| | C) | be aware of the bias and take it into account when interpreting results. |
| | D) | ignore the issue completely. |
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| 22 | |
Horowitz (1969) conducted an experiment testing the impact of voluntary participation on attitude change. Based on his findings, we could conclude that: |
| | A) | voluntary participation does not appear to be a major problem. |
| | B) | voluntary participation affects the results of an experiment only when the experiment involves high levels of stress or boredom. |
| | C) | volunteer and nonvolunteer participants react very differently to experimental manipulations. |
| | D) | nonvolunteer participants are less influenced by experimental manipulations than are volunteer participants. |
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| 23 | |
According to Rosenthal and Rosnow (1975): |
| | A) | little can be done about the problem of voluntary participation affecting the outcome of research. |
| | B) | the impact of volunteerism can be reduced only if all your participants are female because most females volunteer for research anyway. |
| | C) | the impact of volunteerism can be reduced by using a power-assertive approach to recruitment. |
| | D) | None of the above |
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| 24 | |
Which of the following is not an example of active deception? |
| | A) | making false promises to participants |
| | B) | making concealed observations of participants |
| | C) | misrepresenting the true purposes of research |
| | D) | using pseudoparticipants |
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| 25 | |
According to Holmes (1976a), a negative side effect of using deception is: |
| | A) | reduced internal validity of research. |
| | B) | that because participants have been duped by an experimenter, they may experience a loss of self-esteem. |
| | C) | that participants may actually bend over backward to please an experimenter in a subsequent study. |
| | D) | None of the above |
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| 26 | |
After an experiment using deception, participants should be told of the deception and the reasons for it. This is known as: |
| | A) | debriefing. |
| | B) | dehoaxing. |
| | C) | desensitizing. |
| | D) | deflating. |
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| 27 | |
According to your text, which of the following is a possible solution to the problem of using deception in research? |
| | A) | obtain prior consent to be deceived |
| | B) | role-playing |
| | C) | using only passive forms of deception |
| | D) | All of the above |
| | E) | Both a and b |
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| 28 | |
According to a study by McFarland, Cheam, and Buehler (2007) on the effectiveness of debriefing, this can be increased by: |
| | A) | not telling participants the full truth about deception. |
| | B) | emphasizing several times that false results given to participants were in fact false. |
| | C) | downplaying the effects of being deceived. |
| | D) | telling participants that the tests used to provide false feedback were bogus. |
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| 29 | |
According to your text: |
| | A) | research using animal subjects is of little use because the results rarely generalize to humans. |
| | B) | the worth of research using animals should not be judged according to whether or not results generalize to humans. |
| | C) | although research using animal subjects can be used to answer some interesting basic questions, it cannot be used to develop models relevant to human behavior. |
| | D) | research using animal subjects is usually cruel and should be eliminated. |
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| 30 | |
Which of the following is a good reason to consider using animals in research? |
| | A) | Some procedures can be used only on animal subjects. |
| | B) | You can exert greater control over experimental and living conditions with animals than you can with humans. |
| | C) | You need not worry about adhering to ethical guidelines when you use animal subjects. |
| | D) | Both a and b |
| | E) | All of the above |
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| 31 | |
With respect to the issue of the ability to generalize from animal research to human behavior, your text makes the point that: |
| | A) | results from animal research often do generalize to human behavior. |
| | B) | such generalization is an important litmus test when considering animal research. |
| | C) | even if results from animal research do not generalize to human behavior, the results still can have value. |
| | D) | All of the above |
| | E) | Both a and c only |
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| 32 | |
According to your text, concern over the use of animals in research: |
| | A) | is a concern that has roots going far back in history. |
| | B) | is a relatively recent phenomenon. |
| | C) | has only been directed at using animals in research, but not in agriculture. |
| | D) | is unfounded because proponents of animal rights are usually very radical. |
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| 33 | |
Your text makes the point that some of the criticisms of using animal research fall prey to the: |
| | A) | I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon. |
| | B) | the confirmation bias. |
| | C) | the false-consensus bias. |
| | D) | naive realism bias. |
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| 34 | |
Methods that substitute tissue cultures for whole organisms are called ____________ methods. |
| | A) | simulation |
| | B) | in vivo |
| | C) | in vitro |
| | D) | de novo |
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