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| Belmont Report | A report issued in 1979 presenting three basic principles of ethical treatment of human participants that underlie all medical and behavioral research (respect for persons, beneficence, and justice). |
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| beneficence | An ethical principle in the Belmont Report stating that researchers will do no harm to participants and will strive to maximize benefits to the participant while minimizing harm. |
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| Declaration of Helsinki | A declaration on ethical treatment of research participants issued by the World Medical Association in 1964. It stated that the health, welfare and dignity of research participants be protected by researchers, and that research be based on accepted research practices and existing research. |
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| Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct 2002 | A comprehensive document from the American Psychological Association stating the ethical responsibilities of psychologists and researchers. |
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| informed consent | Agreeing to serve as a research participant after being informed about the nature of the research and the participant's rights and responsibilities. The participant typically reads and signs a form specifying the purpose of a study, the methods to be used, requirements for participation, costs and benefits of research participation, that participation is voluntary, and that the participant is free to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. |
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| institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) | A committee that screens proposals for research using animal subjects and monitors institutional animal-care facilities to ensure compliance with all local, state, and federal laws governing animal care and use. |
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| institutional review board (IRB) | A committee that screens proposals for research using human participants for adherence to ethical standards. |
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| justice | An ethical principle in the Belmont Report stating that the researcher and participant should share in the costs and benefits of the research. |
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| Nuremberg Code | An early code of ethical treatment of research participants developed after World War II, resulting from the Nuremberg trials of Nazi war criminal doctors. |
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| Office of Research Integrity (ORI) | An office within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that oversees the integrity of the research process. The ORI documents and investigates cases involving research fraud. |
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| respect for persons | An ethical principle in the Belmont Report stating that research participants are free to make their own decisions and that individuals with diminished autonomy must be protected. |