| archival research | A non-experimental research strategy in which you make use of existing records as your basic source for data.
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| behavioral categories | The general and specific classes of behavior to be observed in an observational study.
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| case history | A non-experimental research technique in which an individual case is studied intensively to uncover its history (e.g., a patient in therapy).
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| Cohen's Kappa | A popular statistic used to assess interrater reliability. It compares the observed proportion of agreement to the proportion of agreement that would be expected if agreement occurred purely by chance.
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| content analysis | A non-experimental research technique that is used to analyze a written or spoken record for the occurrence of specific categories of events.
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| ethnography | A non-quantitative technique used to study and describe the functioning of cultures through a study of social interactions and expressions between people and groups.
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| interrater reliability | The degree to which multiple observers agree in their classification or quantification of behavior.
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| intraclass correlation coefficient (rI) | A measure of agreement between observers that can be used when your observations are scaled on an interval or ratio scale of measurement.
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| meta-analysis | A statistics-based method of reviewing literature in a field that involves comparing or combining the results of related studies.
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| naturalistic observation | Observational research technique in which subjects are observed in their natural environments. The observers remain unobtrusive so that they do not interfere with the natural behaviors of the subjects being observed.
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| non-participant observation | An observational research technique in which the observer attends group functions and records observations without participating in the group's activities.
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| participant observation | An observational research technique in which a researcher insinuates him or herself into a group to be studied and participates in the group's activities.
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| qualitative data | Data in which the values of a variable differ in kind (quality) rather than in amount.
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| quantitative data | Data collected that are represented by numbers that can be analyzed with widely available descriptive and inferential statistics.
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| sociogram | A graphical representation of the pattern of interpersonal relationship choices.
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| sociometry | A non-experimental research technique involving identifying and measuring interpersonal relationships within a group.
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