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These objectives are expanded from the Focus Questions found in the margins of your textbook. When you have mastered the material in this chapter, you will be able to:
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13.1 Describe three models of stress, distinguishing among those that focus on stress as a stimulus, stress as a response, and stress resulting from the transaction between the organism and the environment. |
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13.2 Describe four types of appraisal that occur in response to a potential stressor, and explain how they correspond to primary and secondary appraisals. |
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13.3 Describe the three stages of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) and their effects on health. |
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13.4 Discuss evidence that stress is linked inversely to well-being and health outcomes. |
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13.5 Describe how various kinds of stressors affect immune functioning. |
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13.6 Describe various ways social support can protect against stressful events. |
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13.7 Describe the role of stress hormones in well-being. |
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13.8 Describe the Type A behavior pattern and how it can contribute to coronary heart disease. |
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13.9 Describe how hardiness, coping self-efficacy, optimism-pessimism, and spiritual beliefs affect stress outcomes. |
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13.10 Describe factors that create stress-resiliency in children. |
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13.11 Describe the three major classes of coping strategies. |
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13.12 Describe how stressor controllability influences the effectiveness of various coping strategies. |
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13.13 Describe how trauma disclosure and emotional constraint affect well-being. |
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13.14 Describe how gender and cultural factors affect the tendency to use particular coping strategies. |
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13.15 Describe cognitive coping skills and relaxation techniques that comprise effective stress management training programs. |
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13.16 Describe how gate control theory explains pain perception and control, and describe how glial cells and cytokines are involved. |
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13.17 Describe how endorphins influence pain perception and physical well-being. |
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13.18 Describe how cultural factors influence pain experience and behavior. |
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13.19 Describe how cognitive and personality factors affect responses to pain stimuli. |
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13.20 Describe cognitive, informational, and behavioral strategies for pain reduction. |
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13.21 Describe the six stages of the transtheoretical model of behavior change and the rationale for stage-matched interventions. |
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13.22 Define aerobic exercise, and cite evidence that it promotes health and longevity. |
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13.23 Discuss exercise program dropout rates and factors that do and do not predict dropout. |
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13.24 Describe behavior change techniques that are used in behavioral weight control programs. |
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13.25 Describe the nature and effectiveness of behavior change techniques in AIDS prevention programs. |
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13.26 Describe the major goals and techniques in motivational interviewing. |
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13.27 Describe effective treatments for substance abuse problems including multimodal treatment approaches. |
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13.28 Describe the consequences of heavy drinking among college students. |
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13.29 Describe harm-reduction strategies and how they differ from abstinence-based approaches. |
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13.30 Describe factors that increase or decrease relapse and how relapse-prevention training addresses these factors. |