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These objectives are expanded from the Focus Questions found in the margins of your textbook. When you have mastered the material in this chapter, you will be able to:
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2.1 Describe the three primary attitudes associated with scientific inquiry. |
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2.2 Using Darley and Latané's research, illustrate the seven steps of the scientific process. |
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2.3 Differentiate between a hypothesis and a theory. |
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2.4 Describe the two approaches to understanding behavior, and explain why scientists prefer one over the other. |
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2.5 List the characteristics of a good theory. |
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2.6 Describe the importance of operational definitions, and recognize examples of them. |
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2.7 Describe the major methods psychologists use to measure behavior, and list one limitation of each. |
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2.8 Describe the five principles of the APA Ethics Code (2002). |
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2.9 Identify the major ethical issues in human research. |
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2.10 Describe the debate regarding the ethics of using animals in research. |
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2.11 Describe and identify the advantages and disadvantages of naturalistic observation, the case study method, and survey research. |
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2.12 Explain the importance of random sampling when conducting survey research. |
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2.13 Describe the purpose and methods of correlational research. |
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2.14 Explain why scientists are unable to draw causal conclusions from correlational research. |
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2.15 Describe and interpret correlation coefficients and scatterplots, and explain how correlational research can be used to predict behavior. |
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2.16 Describe the characteristics of an experiment, and explain how experiments can be used to investigate causal relations among variables. |
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2.17 Define and differentiate between independent and dependent variables. |
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2.18 Describe experimental and control groups in an experiment. |
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2.19 Describe how random assignment and counterbalancing are used in designing an experiment. |
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2.20 Describe how experimental research has assisted in our understanding of the effects of environmental stimulation on brain development and the effects of alcohol on sexual arousal. |
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2.21 Recognize the various research methods, and contrast their primary advantages and disadvantages. |
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2.22 Define internal validity and explain how it is threatened by confounding variables, demand characteristics, placebo effects, and experimenter expectancy. |
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2.23 Define the double-blind procedure, and explain why it is used. |
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2.24 Define external validity, and explain why replication is important. |
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2.25 Differentiate between internal and external validity. |
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2. 26 Describe examples of descriptive and inferential statistics. |
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2.27 Indicate three things done by critical consumers of statistics. |
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2.28 List three methods of central tendency and two measures of variability. |
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2.29 Explain the purpose of inferential statistics, and describe statistical significance. |
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2.30 Explain the purpose of meta-analysis. |
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2.31 Explain how critical thinking skills can be used to evaluate claims made in everyday life. |