(See related pages)
These objectives are expanded from the Focus Questions found in the margins of your textbook. When you have mastered the material in this chapter, you will be able to:
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8.1 Define language. |
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8.2 Describe the key properties of language. |
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8.3 Contrast surface and deep structures of language. |
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8.4 Describe the hierarchy of language. |
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8.5 Use the examples of speech segmentation and pragmatics to explain the role of bottom-up and top-down processes in language. |
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8.6 Describe how biological factors influence language acquisition. |
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8.7 Describe sex differences that exist in language processing. |
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8.8 Describe how social learning influences language acquisition. |
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8.9 Contrast evidence for and against the acquisition of human language by apes. |
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8.10 Describe the evidence that suggests a critical period for acquiring a second language. |
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8.11 Describe the relationship between bilingualism and other cognitive abilities. |
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8.12 Describe how the brain processes two languages when one learns both before the end of the sensitive period for language; contrast this with how the brain processes two languages when the second is learned after the sensitive period ends. |
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8.13 Using the linguistic relativity hypothesis, explain how language influences thinking. |
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8.14 Define concepts and propositions, and explain their interrelation. |
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8.15 Recognize and contrast examples of deductive and inductive reasoning. |
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8.16 Describe how irrelevant information and belief biases affect reasoning. |
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8.17 Recognize and describe examples of the four stages of problem solving. |
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8.18 Explain why problem framing and mental sets are important. |
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8.19 Recognize obstacles to problem solving including mental sets, confirmation bias, functional fixedness, and overconfidence. |
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8.20 Define and provide examples of algorithms and heuristics. |
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8.21 Describe means-ends and subgoal analysis heuristics. |
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8.22 Describe the roles that uncertainty and heuristics play in decision making. |
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8.23 Describe how representativeness and availability heuristics distort probability judgments. |
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8.24 Explain why disconfirming evidence is important in making decisions. |
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8.25 Describe how overconfidence contributes to confirmation bias. |
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8.26 Describe factors that inhibit and facilitate problem solving. |
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8.27 Describe the roles that schemas play in knowledge acquisition and expertise. |
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8.28 Describe the components of wisdom, and explain how wisdom and expertise differ. |
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8.29 Describe the major findings and importance of Shepard and Metlzer's mental rotation study. |
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8.30 Describe research, including brain research, that supports the view that mental images are perceptual in nature. |
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8.31 Define metacognition; describe the two types of metacognition and provide examples. |
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8.32 Describe ways to enhance metacognition based on research. |