I believe that self-efficacy is a critical factor in adolescent achievement.
My research suggests self-efficacy and achievement increases when goals are specific, proximal, and challenging.
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
I am a pioneer in positive psychology.
I coined the term flow to describe optimal experiences.
Flow is more common in individuals with a sense of mastery and who become challenged by and absorbed in a task.
My research and writing about flow has been utilized in developing training for executives.
Carol Dweck
I study motivation and the development of youth.
My research suggests adolescent exhibit either a mastery orientation or a helpless orientation.
I say mastery-oriented adolescents focus on the task rather than their abilities and believe their abilities can be improved.
Helpless-oriented adolescents focus on personal inadequacies and do not believe their abilities can be improved.
Eli Ginzberg
My theory is the developmental career choice theory.
According to my theory, children and adolescents go through three career choice stages.
The three career choice stages that I proposed are fantasy, tentative, and realistic.
I found that the realistic stage of career choice occurs from the ages of 17 to the early twenties.
Critics have attacked my theory on many grounds.
Sandra Graham
I study attribution theory and motivation.
My research suggests socioeconomic status is a stronger predictor of achievement than ethnicity.
I believe attribution theory can explain why students from lower SES backgrounds have lower achievement.
Ellen Greenberger and Laurence Steinberg
We study adolescents' experiences of work.
We found adolescents get little on the job training and do not develop close relationships with adult co-workers.
We found adolescents do seem to learn how the business world works and develop time management skills.
Our research indicated that that working makes it difficult for adolescent to keep their grades up and participate in other activities, even sleep.
John Holland
I developed the personality type theory.
I believe that individuals should match their careers to their personalities.
I believe six basic personality types exist that match different types of careers.
After initially developing my theory, I admit that most people fit into more than one personality type.
Anna Roe
I believe that parent-child relationships influence career choices.
I believe that individuals will either pick career environments that replicate their family of origin or attempt to find a career that is dramatically different from their family life.
Dale Schunk
I study self-regulated learning, including the effects of social and instructional factors on students' cognitive processes, learning, self-regulation and motivation.
I believe self-efficacy influences adolescents' choices regarding academic activities.
I say self-efficacy influences achievement through its impact on response to challenges.
Harold Stevenson
I study academic performance of youth in different cultures.
My research suggests a variety of explanations for why American students perform less well than students from China and Japan on tests of mathematics.
My research indicated differences across cultures in time spent in school, time spent on instruction, and parental expectations.
Donald Super
I developed the career self-concept theory.
I believe that individuals first construct a career self-concept in adolescence.
I say that there are five stages of career self-concept that mesh with global self-concept development.
I believe that adolescents need to explore careers.
