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| 1 | |
__________ increases their internal motivation. |
| | A) | Giving adolescents choices |
| | B) | Relieving adolescents of personal responsibility |
| | C) | Making decisions for adolescents to protect their interests |
| | D) | Providing frequent rewards to adolescents for successes |
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| 2 | |
Sheena, a 15-year-old adolescent, decides to join the community band. Her mother asks why she joined, since she won't make any money, the band isn't famous, and few people attend the concerts. Sheena responds, "I just like playing with the band." Sheena is experiencing ______ motivation. |
| | A) | achievement |
| | B) | intrinsic |
| | C) | extrinsic |
| | D) | mastery |
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| 3 | |
According to Czikzentmihalyi, ______ refers to the optimal experiences in life and is a key term in his research? |
| | A) | flow |
| | B) | intrinsic motivation |
| | C) | self-efficacy |
| | D) | self-actualization |
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| 4 | |
Adolescents benefit when their parents and teachers |
| | A) | low expectations. because it protects their self-esteem. |
| | B) | low expectations, because it allows them to be successful. |
| | C) | high expectations, because it encourages students to live up to them. |
| | D) | High expectations, because failure will shame adolescents into achieving. |
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| 5 | |
One key characteristic of adolescents with a helpless orientation is |
| | A) | believing that ability can be changed. |
| | B) | being initially enthusiastic when working on new tasks. |
| | C) | remembering strategies that worked in the past. |
| | D) | believing that one has no control over outcomes. |
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| 6 | |
An adolescent with _______ orientation is likely to be the most upset with placing second in a competitive contest. |
| | A) | mastery |
| | B) | helpless |
| | C) | performance |
| | D) | altruistic |
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| 7 | |
Maki has been described by her teachers as having high self-efficacy. When she faces challenging tasks she is likely to |
| | A) | avoid them for as long as she can. |
| | B) | work harder. |
| | C) | give up quickly. |
| | D) | show little enthusiasm for the task. |
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| 8 | |
It is very difficult and dangerous to make sweeping generalizations about achievement motivation in ethnic minority adolescents, because |
| | A) | this has never been studied systematically. |
| | B) | there is more variability within groups than among groups. |
| | C) | all American groups score lower than Asian groups. |
| | D) | social class is a more powerful predictor. |
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| 9 | |
Japanese children often outperform American children in math and science areas, perhaps because all of the following are true EXCEPT that: |
| | A) | Japanese parents have higher expectations. |
| | B) | Japanese children spend more time during math homework. |
| | C) | Japanese teachers are better trained in math and science. |
| | D) | the Japanese school year is longer. |
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| 10 | |
All the following statements about self-handicapping are true EXCEPT |
| | A) | self-handicapping is more likely to be used by boys than girls. |
| | B) | self-handicapping is more likely to be used by students with very good grades in order to increase the challenge of the task. |
| | C) | self-handicapping uses proactive efforts to protect oneself. |
| | D) | self-handicapping attempts to manipulate others' perceptions of performance outcomes. |
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| 11 | |
Which kind of job employs the most adolescents in part-time work? |
| | A) | unskilled laborers |
| | B) | clerical assistants |
| | C) | fast-food restaurant work |
| | D) | retail |
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| 12 | |
An adolescent girl (16 years of age) who takes a part-time job will most likely |
| | A) | work shorter hours than boys her age. |
| | B) | make more money than boys her age. |
| | C) | easily find a job as a newspaper carrier. |
| | D) | easily find a job as a gardener. |
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| 13 | |
_________ represents an advantage of working during adolescence? |
| | A) | Extensive on-the-job training |
| | B) | Improved ability to manage money |
| | C) | Improved school grades |
| | D) | Greater enjoyment of school |
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| 14 | |
A number of adolescent problem behaviors are associated with part-time work, such as insufficient sleep and exercise. At what level of work does this begin to be apparent? |
| | A) | 1 to 5 hours per week |
| | B) | 6 to 10 hours per week |
| | C) | 15 to 20 hours per week |
| | D) | More than 20 hours per week |
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| 15 | |
____ percent of U.S. undergraduate college students work. |
| | A) | Twenty |
| | B) | Forty |
| | C) | Sixty |
| | D) | Eighty |
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| 16 | |
Mentoring has been shown to |
| | A) | benefit the youth receiving mentoring. |
| | B) | benefit the adults providing mentoring. |
| | C) | not have a significant impact. |
| | D) | A and B. |
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| 17 | |
According to Eli Ginzberg, youngsters between the ages of 11 and 17 years progressively evaluate three aspects of career choice. The order of occurrence is |
| | A) | interests, capacities, and values. |
| | B) | values, capacities, and interests. |
| | C) | interests, values, and capacities. |
| | D) | capacities, values, and interests. |
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| 18 | |
When individuals complete their education or training and enter the work force, Donald Super refers to this as the _______ stage? |
| | A) | crystallization |
| | B) | implementation |
| | C) | stabilization |
| | D) | specification |
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| 19 | |
The most important contribution made by John Holland's personality type theory to the career field was its |
| | A) | consideration of the role of motivation on job performance. |
| | B) | introduction of the conventional personality type. |
| | C) | emphasis on linking individuals' personalities to the characteristics of given jobs. |
| | D) | focus on psychological testing as a way of insuring job suitability. |
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| 20 | |
When both parents work and seem to enjoy it, |
| | A) | the parents try to live vicariously through their children's occupational choices. |
| | B) | boys and girls learn work values from both parents. |
| | C) | boys and girls aspire to higher status occupations. |
| | D) | schools don't need to motivate students to get a good education. |
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| 21 | |
Adolescents should be encouraged to set goals that are |
| | A) | very broad. |
| | B) | long-term in focus. |
| | C) | concrete. |
| | D) | very easily reachable. |
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| 22 | |
The best time management strategy is to |
| | A) | spend most of your time addressing urgent tasks. |
| | B) | complete activities that require immediate attention before those linked to your values. |
| | C) | prioritize tasks and follow that order. |
| | D) | non-urgent and non-important tasks should be avoided. |
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| 23 | |
Which of the following is a reason people procrastinate? |
| | A) | They are lazy. |
| | B) | They are not as capable as others. |
| | C) | They are perfectionistic. |
| | D) | They are delusional. |
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| 24 | |
________ has been found to improve the academic performance of individuals with high levels of anxiety? |
| | A) | Modifying thoughts |
| | B) | Relaxation techniques |
| | C) | Anti-anxiety medication |
| | D) | Working harder |
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| 25 | |
Adolescents in the U.S. spend more time doing paid labor than adolescents in |
| | A) | developing countries. |
| | B) | Europe. |
| | C) | East Asia |
| | D) | All the above are correct. |
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| 26 | |
What do single-theme schools, schools-within-schools, and pathways all have in common? |
| | A) | They are programs to increase the intrinsic motivation of poorly performing students. |
| | B) | They are programs to smooth the transition from school to work. |
| | C) | They are programs that teach time-management skills in high schools. |
| | D) | They are all programs funded by corporations for the development of future CEOs. |
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| 27 | |
How many high school seniors expect to attend college? |
| | A) | 42% |
| | B) | 55% |
| | C) | 79% |
| | D) | 90% |
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| 28 | |
What challenges do youth from lower SES families face? |
| | A) | low-quality schools |
| | B) | violence |
| | C) | lack of access to jobs |
| | D) | All the above are correct. |
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| 29 | |
Efforts to avoid failure that involve purposefully performing at a low level so that it seems like circumstances rather than a lack of ability caused the poor performance are called |
| | A) | self-efficacy strategies |
| | B) | self-handicapping strategies |
| | C) | failure syndrome |
| | D) | underachiever syndrome |
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| 30 | |
________ is most associated with high levels of achievement? |
| | A) | Mastery orientation |
| | B) | Helpless orientation |
| | C) | Learning orientation |
| | D) | Performance orientation |
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| 31 | |
_____ influences adolescents' careers? |
| | A) | Peers |
| | B) | Gender |
| | C) | Ethnicity |
| | D) | All the above are correct. |
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| 32 | |
Which of the following is true of school counseling? |
| | A) | It tends to focus on career guidance more than high school courses. |
| | B) | Each counselor typically works with about 12 to 15 students a year. |
| | C) | It has been criticized as ineffective, biased, and a waste of money. |
| | D) | There are no resources for counselors to use in providing information about careers. |
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