 | Key People
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Albert Bandura
- I am an architect of contemporary social cognitive theory.
- I say that behavior, environment, and a person's cognitive factors interact reciprocally.
- I believe environment determines a person's behavior and vice versa.
- I think that environment influences people's cognitive factors and vice versa.
- I believe that we also learn through observation.
Peter Blos
- I am a British psychoanalyst.
- I am a neo-Freudian and a contemporary of Anna Freud and Erik Erikson.
- I believe defense mechanisms provide us with insight into adolescent development.
- I say that regression is an integral, normal, inevitable, and universal aspect of puberty.
- I created developmental substages of adolescence.
- I theorized about the influence of sociocultural factors on the development of the ego in adolescence.
Urie Bronfenbrenner
- I developed the ecological contextual theory of development.
- My theory states there are five systems that interact to influence individuals.
- I added biological influence to my theory and renamed it the bioecological theory, but environmental context still predominates my theory.
- I have always supported the dissemination of and application of developmental theory and research to influence social policies.
- I am one of the founders of the Head Start program for young at-risk children.
Nancy Chodorow
- I created a feminist revision of psychoanalytic theory.
- I emphasize that more women than men define themselves in terms of their relations and connections to others.
- I also believe in the meaningfulness of emotions for women and that many men use the defense mechanism of denial.
- I rely heavily on object-relations theory in understanding people.
- I was greatly influenced by Neo-Freudians Karen Horney and Melanie Klein.
Erik Erikson
- I believe that Freud misjudged some important dimensions of human development.
- I generated one of the most important developmental theories of the 20th century.
- I argued that humans develop in psychosocial stages.
- I proposed that people go through eight stages of development.
- Each one of my stages consists of a developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that they must face.
Anna Freud
- I am a psychoanalyst and often considered the founder of child psychoanalysis.
- I am Sigmund Freud's daughter.
- I expanded upon Sigmund Freud's work.
- I believe defense mechanisms are key to understanding adolescent development.
- I say adolescent problems are due to the urges associated with attachment to "love objects" (usually parents).
Sigmund Freud
- I believe that the personality has three structures: the id, ego, and superego.
- I think that adolescent's lives are filled with tension and conflict.
- I argue that adolescents reduce tension by locking conflicts in their unconscious mind.
- The Iceberg Analogy is part of my theory.
- I developed the idea of defense mechanisms.
- I also developed the idea of psychosexual stages.
Karen Horney
- I am a psychoanalytic theorist.
- I provided the first feminist-based critique of Freud's theory.
- I developed a model of women with positive feminine qualities and self-evaluation.
- My criticisms of Freud's theory included references to a male-dominated society and culture.
- I believe that neurosis is often times an attempt at coping with life that isn't effective.
Reed Larson and Maryse Richards
- We conducted research together.
- We used the experience sampling method to study adolescent emotions.
- We found that adolescents experienced emotions that were extreme and fleeting.
- We studied the effects of emotions on family life.
Walter Mischel
- I am an architect of contemporary social cognitive theory, which I originally called social learning theory.
- I say that behavior, environment, and a person's cognitive factors interact reciprocally.
- I believe environment determines a person's behavior.
- I think that environment influences people's cognitive factors and vice versa.
Jean Piaget
- I am a famous Swiss developmental psychologist.
- I proposed an important theory of cognitive development.
- My theory states that individuals actively construct their understanding of the world.
- My theory also states that individuals go through four stages of cognitive development.
- Each of my stages is age-related and consists of distinct ways of thinking.
Robert Siegler
- I am a leading expert on information processing.
- I believe that thinking is information processing.
- I say thinking is when individuals, perceive, encode, represent, store, and retrieve information.
- I believe that an important aspect of development is to learn good strategies for processing information.
B. F. Skinner
- My theories focus on operant conditioning.
- I believe that development is behavior.
- I say that rewards and punishments shape individuals.
- I think development is learned.
- I believe development occurs according to environmental experiences.
Lev Vygotsky
- I am a Russian psychologist.
- I believe that children actively construct their knowledge.
- My theory is a sociocultural cognitive one.
- My theory also emphasizes developmental analysis, the role of language, and social relations.
- I articulated unique and influential ideas about the relation between learning and development.
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