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| 1 | |
The three major aspects of moral development include |
| | A) | stimulus, response, and consequences. |
| | B) | thought, behavior, and feeling. |
| | C) | individual, family, and society. |
| | D) | id, ego, and superego. |
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| 2 | |
Jean Piaget indicates that the heteronomous thinker |
| | A) | believes that rules can be changed because they are merely conventions. |
| | B) | recognizes that punishment for wrongdoing is not inevitable. |
| | C) | judges the goodness of behavior by focusing on the consequences of the behavior. |
| | D) | is usually a child between the ages of 10 and 12. |
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| 3 | |
The idea that, if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately is called |
| | A) | autonomous morality. |
| | B) | immanent justice. |
| | C) | response cost. |
| | D) | love withdrawal. |
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| 4 | |
Six stages of moral development were proposed by |
| | A) | Martin Hoffman. |
| | B) | Jean Piaget. |
| | C) | Sigmund Freud. |
| | D) | Lawrence Kohlberg. |
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| 5 | |
Martin Hoffman indicates that going to high school is associated with a dramatic change in moral reasoning because |
| | A) | there is more opportunity for sexual exploitation. |
| | B) | parental supervision is nullified. |
| | C) | peer pressure to violate community standards is high. |
| | D) | discussions reveal the variety of moral beliefs held by others. |
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| 6 | |
Lawrence Kohlberg argues that the distinctions between the three levels of moral reasoning have to do with |
| | A) | the degree of internalization. |
| | B) | the immediacy of the consequences for moral actions. |
| | C) | the severity of punishments experienced. |
| | D) | the social pressure of peers. |
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| 7 | |
An adolescent at Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning |
| | A) | obeys rules in order to meet his defined obligations. |
| | B) | obeys rules in order to avoid punishment. |
| | C) | will follow rules if they are in his immediate best interest. |
| | D) | has developed a social contract involving self-chosen ethical principles. |
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| 8 | |
Which of the following was NOT a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? |
| | A) | It placed too little emphasis on moral behavior. |
| | B) | The research was of poor quality. |
| | C) | It placed too much emphasis on the development of the Superego. |
| | D) | It did not fully consider cultural or gender variables. |
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| 9 | |
Carol Gilligan has criticized Kohlberg's theory for |
| | A) | overemphasizing people's connectedness and communication with other people. |
| | B) | emphasizing moral behavior and ignoring moral reasoning. |
| | C) | relying on a single method to assess individual's moral reasoning. |
| | D) | understanding the importance of interpersonal relationships in moral development. |
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| 10 | |
James Rest developed the Defining Issues Test because |
| | A) | there were no available measures of moral reasoning. |
| | B) | he found Piaget's tests too hard for adolescents. |
| | C) | Kohlberg's stories were too difficult to score. |
| | D) | he didn't know that several other tests were available. |
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| 11 | |
According to research, moral children tend to have parents who |
| | A) | foster an external rather than an internal sense of morality. |
| | B) | provide information about what behaviors are expected and why. |
| | C) | encourage children to do what their parents say, not what they do. |
| | D) | avoid burdening children with family decisions or thinking about moral decisions. |
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| 12 | |
__________ theory distinguishes between moral competence and moral performance. |
| | A) | Psychosocial theory |
| | B) | Moral development theory |
| | C) | Social cognitive theory |
| | D) | Behavioral moral reasoning |
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| 13 | |
An unselfish interest in helping another person is called |
| | A) | forgiveness. |
| | B) | conscience. |
| | C) | induction. |
| | D) | altruism. |
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| 14 | |
Which of the following is an example of altruism? |
| | A) | Sharing possessions |
| | B) | Resisting temptation |
| | C) | Saying thank you |
| | D) | Not eating with your fingers |
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| 15 | |
Which term is used when a person "releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation"? |
| | A) | Altruism |
| | B) | Empathy |
| | C) | Sympathy |
| | D) | Forgiveness |
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| 16 | |
Psychoanalytic theorists say that guilt develops when a child |
| | A) | turns her hostility inward following the withdrawal of parental love. |
| | B) | harnesses the drives of the superego and maintains the world as a safe place. |
| | C) | becomes disillusioned with the moral and religious beliefs she acquired during childhood. |
| | D) | participates in the feelings of an adult with whom she has identified. |
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| 17 | |
The part of the superego that enables us to feel proud when we do the right thing, even if no one else will know, is the |
| | A) | conscience. |
| | B) | ego ideal. |
| | C) | empathic aspect. |
| | D) | altruistic channel. |
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| 18 | |
The failure to develop empathy is associated with |
| | A) | excessive achievement orientation. |
| | B) | vulnerability to cults. |
| | C) | antisocial behaviors. |
| | D) | chronic depression. |
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| 19 | |
If a person can experience another's feelings and respond in a similar way, this is called |
| | A) | pity. |
| | B) | empathy. |
| | C) | sympathy. It does not require that we experience an emotion similar to another person. |
| | D) | understanding. |
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| 20 | |
The role of parents in moral development is LEAST important for which of the following theorists? |
| | A) | Hoffman |
| | B) | Bandura |
| | C) | Erikson |
| | D) | Piaget |
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| 21 | |
Martin Hoffman believes that parents promote the moral development of their children and adolescents through |
| | A) | love withdrawal. |
| | B) | power assertion. |
| | C) | induction. |
| | D) | altruism. |
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| 22 | |
Schools are one of the settings in which moral development occurs. The moral climate of the school is called the |
| | A) | administrative morale. |
| | B) | Damon Comprehensive Approach. |
| | C) | hidden curriculum. |
| | D) | classroom conscience. |
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| 23 | |
The belief that students should learn to value things like democracy and justice as their moral development progresses is called: |
| | A) | cognitive moral education. |
| | B) | values clarification. |
| | C) | character education. |
| | D) | service learning. |
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| 24 | |
According to a poll cited in the text, what percent of adolescents indicated that they prayed? |
| | A) | 35% |
| | B) | 50% |
| | C) | 75% |
| | D) | 95% |
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| 25 | |
Isaac refuses to attend temple, telling his parents that he will believe what he wants to believe, not what they tell him to believe. According to James Fowler, Isaac's stage of religious development is best described as |
| | A) | reflexive faith. |
| | B) | individuating-reflective faith. |
| | C) | catastrophic conversion. |
| | D) | moral fundamentalism. |
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| 26 | |
Who is most likely to join a cult? |
| | A) | A normal, average person |
| | B) | Someone who is psychologically unstable |
| | C) | A person just recently released from prison |
| | D) | Someone with strong religious beliefs |
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| 27 | |
Moral reasoning is related to |
| | A) | self-reported altruism. |
| | B) | guilt. |
| | C) | religiosity. |
| | D) | conscientiousness. |
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| 28 | |
Reasoning that focuses on thoughts about social consensus and convention is called |
| | A) | ethical reasoning. |
| | B) | social conventional reasoning. |
| | C) | heteronomous moral reasoning. |
| | D) | consensual moral reasoning. |
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| 29 | |
_____________ approach emphasizes the development of personality, character, and virtue in terms of moral excellence? |
| | A) | Moral exemplar |
| | B) | Psychoanalytic |
| | C) | Social cognitive |
| | D) | Virtue |
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| 30 | |
Which of the following personality characteristics form the core of moral functioning, according to research? |
| | A) | being dominant and extraverted |
| | B) | being honest and dependable |
| | C) | being nurturing and agreeable |
| | D) | being conscientious and open to experience |
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| 31 | |
Adolescents' religious development is: |
| | A) | negatively related to drug use. |
| | B) | negatively related to alcohol use. |
| | C) | positive related to extracurricular and civic activities. |
| | D) | All the above are correct.. |
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| 32 | |
College students' identity integration has been found to be related to: |
| | A) | intrinsic religious orientation. |
| | B) | self-reported altruism. |
| | C) | egocentrism. |
| | D) | both A and B. |
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