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  1. Historical Overview
    1. The legacy of the American and French revolutions
    2. The plight of the proletariat
    3. Summary of stylistic developments

  2. The Political and Economic Scene: Liberalism and Nationalism
    1. Liberalism
      1. Definition
      2. Ideals and influence
    2. Nationalism
      1. Definition
      2. Ideals and influence to 1848
    3. The revolutions of 1830 and 1848
      1. The 1830 uprising in France and the bourgeois monarchy
      2. The failed revolutions in central and southern Europe
      3. Background to the 1848 revolutions
      4. The path of revolution: Paris through Berlin to Vienna
      5. The failed revolutions and the rise of Realpolitik
    4. European affairs in the grip of Realpolitik
      1. The lessons of Realpolitik
      2. Limited reforms in France and Great Britain
          3. a)   France
            (1)   Napoleon III maneuvers to power
            (2)   Benign despotism
          b)   Great Britain
            (1)   Electoral reforms
            (2)   Economic prosperity
      3. Wars and unification in central Europe
          4. a)   Power struggle between Austria and Prussia
          b)   The Bismarck era and the unification of Germany
          c)   The unification of Italy
    5. Civil War in the United States
      1. Sectional tension
      2. The slavery question
      3. Civil War, abolition of slavery, and reconstruction
    6. Industrialism, technology, and warfare
      1. Industrialism: The shrinking globe
      2. New technologies
      3. The spread of industrialism
      4. Symbols of the Bourgeois Age: The Crystal Palace and the Suez Canal

  3. Nineteenth-Century Thought: Philosophy, Religion, and Science
    1. Liberalism redefined
      1. Jeremy Bentham: Utilitarianism
      2. John Stuart Mill
    2. Socialism
      1. The utopian socialists
          2. a)   Owen, Saint-Simon, Fourier
          b)   Failed experiments
      2. The Marxists
          3. a)   Marx and Engels
          b)   Dialectical materialism
          c)   Formation of international socialist organization
          d)   Little influence before 1871
    3. Religion and the challenge of science
      1. The higher criticism
      2. Science
          3. a)   Geology discredits the biblical view of creation
          b)   Biology questions the divine image of human beings
          c)   Pasteur: the germ theory of disease
          d)   Chemistry: advances in atomic theory, anesthetics, and surgery

  4. Cultural Trends: From Romanticism to Realism
    1. Order and Escape
      1. Neoclassicism and Romanticism adopted by the middle class
          2. a)   Art becomes routinized
          b)   The development of "official art"
      2. The challenge of Realism
          3. a)   Rejection of Neoclassicism and Romanticism
          b)   Art with a moral point of view, focused on ordinary people
          c)   Influences on Realism
    2. Literature
      1. Overview
          2. a)   Romanticism: free will
          b)   Realism: deterministic
      2. The height of French Romanticism
          3. a)   Hugo
            (1)   Hernani
            (2)   Les Misérables
          b)   Sand
            (1)   Her life and values
            (2)   Indiana
      3. Romanticism in the English novel
          4. a)   Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights
          b)   Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre
      4. Romanticism in American literature
          5. a)   Transcendentalism
            (1)   Defined
            (2)   Thoreau: Walden and On the Duty of Civil Disobedience
          b)   Poetry
            (1)   Emily Dickinson
            (2)   Walt Whitman
      5. Realism in French and English novels
          6. a)   Balzac and The Human Comedy
          b)   Flaubert and Madame Bovary
          c)   The English Realists
            (1)   Characteristics
            (2)   Dickens
            (3)   Gaskell
            (4)   Evans (George Eliot)  
      6. The Russian Realists
          7. a)   Characteristics
          b)   Tolstoy
          c)   Dostoyevsky
      7. Realism among African American writers
          8. a)   New literary genre: the slave narrative
            (1)   Characteristics
            (2)   Frederick Douglass
            (3)   Sojourner Truth
    3. Art and architecture
      1. Neoclassicism and Romanticism after 1830
          2. a)   Ingres
            (1)   A power in official art
            (2)   The Turkish Bath
          b)   Delacroix
            (1)   Color theories
            (2)   Hamlet and Horatio in the Graveyard
          c)   Romantic architecture
            (1)   Characteristics
            (2)   Barry and Pugin's Houses of Parliament, London
      2. The rise of Realism in art
          3. a)   Background
          b)   Courbet
            (1)   The Meeting, or "Bonjour Monsieur Courbet"
            (2)   Interior of My Studio
          c)   Daumier
            (1)   Satirical subjects
            (2)   The Freedom of the Press
            (3)   The Third-Class Carriage
          d)   Millet
            (1)   The Barbizon school
            (2)   The Sower
            (3)   The Gleaners
          e)   Bonheur
            (1)   Ideas and subjects
            (2)   The Horse Fair
          f)   Manet
            (1)   Salon des Réfuses
            (2)  Olympia
            (3)   His radical aesthetic
    4. Photography
      1. Historical background
          2. a)   Daguerre
          b)   Fox Talbot
          c)   Photography as art
      2. Matthew Brady's achievement
    5. Music
      1. Changes in Romantic music; adherence to Classical forms
      2. Romantic music: opera
          3. a)   Middle-class audiences and their impact
          b)   Verdi
            (1)   His style
            (2)   Rigoletto and other operas
          c)   Wagner
            (1)   Aesthetic goals
            (2)   The Ring of the Nibelung
      3. Romantic music: orchestral and chamber works and lieder
          4. a)  Changes under Romanticism
          b)   Brahms
          c)   Schumann

  5. The Legacy of the Bourgeois Age






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