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Chapter Outline
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  1. Introduction and Overview
    1. Brief contrast of Greek civilization with that of Mesopotamia and Egypt
      1. Human-centered versus god-centered
      2. Protagoras: "Man is the measure of all things"
    2. The Greek foundation of Western civilization
    3. Greek borrowings from the Near East

  2. Prelude: Minoan Civilization, 3000-1100 B.C.E.
    1. The source of the term Minoan
    2. Characteristics of Minoan civilization
    3. Its outstanding architectural creation: the palace at Knossos
      1. Layout
      2. Decorative plan
    4. Cretan script, Linear A and B
      1. Similarities and differences
    5. Religion
      1. Worship of a mother goddess
      2. The bull cult
    6. Commerce
    7. Mythology and its later impact on Greece

  3. Beginnings: Mycenaean Civilization, 1900-1100 B.C.
    1. A source of legends for Greece
    2. Power center: Mycenae and the Peloponnesus
    3. Political, social, and economic structure
    4. The chief symbol of this militaristic civilization: the fortress-palace
      1. Ashlar construction
      2. The Lion Gate, Mycenae
    5. Religion
      1. Worship of divinities
      2. Burial practices
      3. Contribution to later Greek practice of worship of heroes
    6. The Trojan War
      1. The realities of the war
      2. The inspiration for Homer's Iliad and Odyssey
    7. Mycenae and the Homeric tradition
    8. Technology in Minoan Crete and Mycenae
      1. Warfare
      2. Shipbuilding

  4. Interlude: The Dark Ages, 1100-800 B.C.E.
    1. The collapse of one form of civilized order
    2. The emergence of a new civilized order

  5. The Archaic Age, 800-479 B.C.E.
    1. Historical overview: Age of innovation and experimentation
    2. The origin of Hellas and Hellene
    3. Political, economic, and social structures
      1. The rise of the polis
          2. a)   The acropolis
          b)   The agora
          c)   The goal of the polis
      2. The shift from monarchy to oligarchy
          3. a)   Exemplary leadership, civil idealism, and cultural and artistic patronage
          b)   New military tactics
          c)   Overseas expansion and colonization
            (1)   The coasts of Spain and North Africa, and the Black Sea area
            (2)   Southern Italy and Sicily: Magna Graecia
            (3)   Social developments
            (4)   The rise of tyrants
      3. The shift from oligarchy to democracy
          4. a)   The rights of male citizens
          b)   Few rights for women
          c)   The hard lot of foreigners and slaves
    4. The Greek polis: Sparta and Athens
      1. Sparta, the symbol of Dorian civilization
          2. a)   Origins of oligarchic rule
          b)   Limited cultural achievements
      2. Athens, the symbol of Ionian civilization
          3. a)   Origins of democratic rule
            (1)   Mounting social problems
            (2)   Solon's reforms
            (3)   Cleisthenes' democratic constitution
          b)   Inauguration of the Hellenic Age
    5. Technology in Archaic Greece
      1. Iron workers
          2. a)   Tools
          b)   Industrial devices
      2. Sailing vessels
    6. The Persian Wars
      1. The threat from Persia
          2. a)   The war against Darius
          b)   The war against Xerxes
      2. The consequences of a Greek victory for the West

  6. The emergence of Greek genius: the mastery of form
    1. The role of the muses in artistic creativity
    2. Religion
      1. Olympian and chthonic deities
      2. The concept of hubris
    3. Literature
      1. Epic poetry
          2. a)   The Iliad
          b)   The Odyssey
          c)   The role of Homer in Greek civilization
      2. Lyric poetry
          3. a)   The solo lyric
          b)   The poems of Sappho
    4. Philosophy, Science, and Medicine
      1. Natural philosophy
          2. a)   The emergence of philosophy/science
          b)   The Milesian school: Thales
          c)   The Sicilian school: Pythagoras
          d)   The originator of dialectical reasoning: Heraclitus
      2. Medicine
    5. Architecture
      1. The temple
          2. a)   Post-beam-triangle construction
          b)   The principal parts
      2. The Doric-style temple
          3. a)   Entasis
          b)   Fluting
    6. Sculpture
      1. The chief sculptural forms of this period
          2. a)   Kouros and Kore
          b)   Characteristics
          c)   Influence from Egypt and Greek innovations
      2. The shift from the Archaic to the Hellenic style

  7. The Legacy of Archaic Greek Civilization






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