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  1. Wars, Depression, and the Rise of the Masses

  2. The Collapse of Old Certainties and the Search for New Values
    1. Historical overview
    2. World War I and its aftermath
      1. The Central Powers
      2. The Allied Powers
      3. The events of spring 1917
          4. a)   The United States joins the Allies
          b)   Revolution in Russia, which becomes the Soviet Union
      4. The Versailles Treaty
      5. Postwar developments to 1930
          6. a)   Prosperity in Britain, France, and the United States
          b)   Contrasting events in Germany and Austria
          c)   Stock market crash, 1929
    3. The Great Depression of the 1930s
      1. Attempts to restore the economy
          2. a)   France, Great Britain, and the United States
          b)   Germany
      2. Prosperity in Japan
    4. The rise of totalitarianism
      1. Background
          2. a)   The defeat of democratic hopes after Versailles
          b)   Definition of totalitarianism
      2. Russian communism
          3. a)   Lenin's revision of Marxism
          b)   Conditions in the Soviet Union
          c)   Bolshevik revolution
          d)   The struggle for power after Lenin's death
          e)   The Stalin era
      3. European fascism
          4. a)   Definition and characteristics
          b)   Mussolini and Italy, the first fascist state
          c)   Hitler and the Nazis in Germany
          d)   Franco and Spain
    5. World War II: origins and outcome
      1. Origins
          2. a)   The Versailles Treaty
          b)   The Great Depression
          c)   Nationalistic feelings
      2. The course of the war
      3. The Holocaust
          4. a)   Jews
          b)   Gypsies, homosexual men, and others

  3. The Zenith of Modernism
    1. Mass culture, technology, and warfare
      1. Mass culture and new technologies
      2. Warfare
    2. Experimentation in literature
      1. The novel
          2. a)   Stream-of-consciousness writing
          b)   Joyce's Ulysses
          c)   Woolf's To the Lighthouse and other works
          d)   Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises
          e)   Faulkner's Yoknapatawpha novels
          f)   Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's
          g)   Orwell: a writer for all seasons
      2. Poetry
          3. a)   Yeats
          b)   Eliot
          c)   The Harlem Renaissance: Hughes and Hurston
      3. Drama
          4. a)   Brecht and "epic theater"
          b)   Cocteau
          c)   O'Neill
    3. Philosophy, science, and medicine
      1. Philosophy
          2. a)   The logical positivist school: Wittgenstein
          b)   The existentialist school
            (1)   Heidegger
            (2)   Sartre
      2. Science
          3. a)   Einstein
          b)   Planck
          c)   Oppenheimer
      3. Medicine
    4. Art, architecture, photography, and film
      1. Painting
          2. a)   Abstraction
            (1)   Malevich and Suprematism
            (2)   Mondrian and De Stijl
            (3)   Picasso's Guernica
            (4)   O’Keeffe
          b)   Primitivism and fantasy
            (1)   Duchamps and Dada
            (2)   Surrealism: Dali, Klee, and Kahlo
          c)   Expressionism
            (1)   Beckmann
            (2)   Matisse
      2. Architecture
          3. a)   The Bauhaus
          b)   The International Style
      3. Photography
      4. Film
          5. a)   Film versus movies
          b)   Griffith
          c)   Eisenstein
          d)   Developments in Hollywood
          e)   Welles
    5. Music: atonality, Neoclassicism, an American idiom
      1. Schoenberg and serial music
      2. Stravinsky and Neoclassicism
      3. American music
          4. a)   Ives
          b)   Copland
          c)   Antheil
          d)   Still
          e)   Jazz
            (1)   Ellington
            (2)   Armstrong
            (3)   Fitzgerald

  4. The Legacy of the Age of the Masses and Modernism






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