apprentice training
A combination of on-the-job and off-the-job training. The apprentice, while learning the job, is paid less than the master worker. Some of the jobs in which one serves as an apprentice include electrician, barber, tool and die maker, and plumber.

behavior modeling
Learning by observing a role model's behavior. The fundamental characteristic of modeling is that learning takes place by observation or imagination of another individual's experience.

behavior modification
Individual learning through reinforcement.

case method
A training technique in which a description (a case) of a real situation is analyzed by participants. The interaction of the participants and trainer is valuable in improving the degree of learning that occurs.

extinction
A decline in the rate of a response brought about by nonreinforcement.

goal setting
A process that appears to motivate individuals to attempt to accomplish specific goals.

Internet
A system of over 30 million computers all connected together and communicating with each other.

intranet
A firm's internal electronic networks, similar to the Internet.

learning
The act by which a person acquires skills, knowledge, and abilities that result in a relatively permanent change in his or her behavior.

multimedia-based training (MBT)
An interactive learning experience that incorporates the use of either CD-ROM or World Wide Web technology.

negative reinforcement
An increase in the frequency of a response following removal of a negative reinforcer immediately after the response.

orientation
The HRM activity that introduces new employees to the organization and to the employees' new tasks, superiors, and work groups.

performance analysis
A systematic procedure that is used to determine if training is needed to correct behavior deficiencies.

positive reinforcement
Anything that both increases the strength of response and induces repetition of the behavior that preceded the reinforcement.

punishment
An uncomfortable consequence of a particular behavior.

role playing
The acting out of a role by participants as others in the training session observe.

team building
A development method that helps organization members work more efficiently or effectively in groups.

total quality management (TQM) training
An approach that involves everyone in the firm in developing and fine-tuning processes that are customer-oriented, flexible, and responsive to improving the quality of every activity and function of the organization.

training
The systematic process of altering the behavior of employees in a direction that will achieve organizational goals.

vestibule training
A trainee learns a job in an environment that closely resembles the actual work environment. For example, pilots at United Airlines train in a jet simulation cockpit.

virtual reality (VR)
A computer-based technology that enables users to learn in a three-dimensional environment.