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1 | |
The father of genetics is_____. |
| | A) | Charles Darwin |
| | B) | Gregor Mendel |
| | C) | James Watson |
| | D) | Albert Einstein |
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2 | |
Charles Darwin was able to use the particulate theory of inheritance to support his theory of evolution. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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3 | |
Mendel studied the inheritance of ___________ in the garden pea. |
| | A) | seed size |
| | B) | seed color |
| | C) | flower size |
| | D) | all of the above |
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4 | |
According to the blending theory of inheritance parents of contrasting appearance always produce offspring of intermediate appearance. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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5 | |
According to the blending theory of inheritance, a cross between plants with red flowers and plants with white flowers would yield only _____. |
| | A) | plants with red flowers |
| | B) | plants with white flowers |
| | C) | plants with red and white flowers |
| | D) | plants with pink flowers |
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6 | |
The presence of discrete variations among the members of a population can be explained by the particulate theory of inheritance proposed by Mendel. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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7 | |
Mendel's experiments are as applicable today as they were in 1860 due to _____. |
| | A) | his careful experimental design |
| | B) | his use of statistics to interpret his results |
| | C) | his careful records of the numbers of offspring that expressed each characteristic |
| | D) | all of the above |
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8 | |
Mendel's true-breeding pea plants were created by _____. |
| | A) | self-pollination |
| | B) | cross-pollination |
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9 | |
Mendel coined the word "gene" and described the location of genes on different chromosomes. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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10 | |
When solving genetic problems it is first necessary to know which characteristic is dominant. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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11 | |
The dominant allele is identified by a lowercase letter. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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12 | |
When an organism has two different alleles at a gene locus, it is referred to as _____. |
| | A) | homozygous recessive |
| | B) | homozygous dominant |
| | C) | heterozygous |
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13 | |
The allele that is expressed in a heterozygous organism is the _____ allele. |
| | A) | dominant |
| | B) | recessive |
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14 | |
The word __________ refers to the alleles an individual receives at fertilization. |
| | A) | genotype |
| | B) | phenotype |
| | C) | allotype |
| | D) | lenotype |
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15 | |
Which of the following is a phenotype? |
| | A) | Tt |
| | B) | heterozygous |
| | C) | short |
| | D) | T |
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16 | |
When Mendel crossed a true-breeding tall plant with a true-breeding short plant the offspring were _____. |
| | A) | 100% tall |
| | B) | 50% tall, 50% short |
| | C) | 100% medium |
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17 | |
The product of a cross between two different strains that differ in regard to only one trait is known as a _____. |
| | A) | true-breeding organism |
| | B) | hybrid |
| | C) | dihybrid |
| | D) | homozygous organism |
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18 | |
When Mendel crossed a true-breeding tall plant with a true-breeding short plant, he permanently eliminated the characteristic of shortness. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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19 | |
When Mendel crossed the hybrids (F1 generation) _____. |
| | A) | all the plants were tall |
| | B) | all the plants were medium height |
| | C) | 3/4 of the plants were tall, 1/4 of the plants were short |
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20 | |
Mendel's law of segregation states _____. |
| | A) | parents of contrasting appearance produce offspring of intermediate appearance |
| | B) | factors for each trait separate during gamete formation |
| | C) | organisms have two factors for each trait |
| | D) | both B and C |
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21 | |
A cross between two hybrids results in a _____ phenotypic ratio. |
| | A) | 9:3:3:1 |
| | B) | 1:2:1 |
| | C) | 3:1 |
| | D) | 1:1:1:1 |
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22 | |
The F1 generation of plants that were all tall had two separate copies of each hereditary factor, one dominant and one recessive. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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23 | |
Each physical trait is controlled by _____ allele(s). |
| | A) | one |
| | B) | two |
| | C) | three |
| | D) | four |
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24 | |
Mendel's true-breeding short plants in the P generation were _____. |
| | A) | homozygous recessive |
| | B) | homozygous dominant |
| | C) | heterozygous |
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25 | |
There is only one allele for each trait in the gametes because _____. |
| | A) | each organism has only one allele for each trait |
| | B) | the homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis I |
| | C) | mitosis reduces the number of chromosomes when gametes are formed |
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26 | |
The recessive phenotype is displayed by organisms which are _____. |
| | A) | homozygous dominant |
| | B) | homozygous recessive |
| | C) | heterozygous |
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27 | |
Which of the following represents a heterozygous genotype? |
| | A) | TT |
| | B) | Tt |
| | C) | tt |
| | D) | tall |
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28 | |
Each gamete has only one allele for each trait because gametes are always _____. |
| | A) | haploid |
| | B) | diploid |
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29 | |
A heterozygous (for one trait) organism can produce ______. |
| | A) | only one type of gamete |
| | B) | two types of gametes |
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30 | |
Which of the following gametes would Mendel's true-breeding tall plants in the P generation have produced? |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | T or t |
| | C) | t |
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31 | |
In humans the genotypic ratio is used to indicate the chances any child has for a particular characteristic. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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32 | |
If two heterozygous parents have a child with attached earlobes (the recessive trait), the chance of their 2nd child having attached earlobes is less than 25%. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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33 | |
The statement ``the chance, or probability, of two or more independent events occurring together is the product of their chance of occurring separately,'' is known as the multiplicative law of probability. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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34 | |
If a person is heterozygous for unattached earlobes, their genotype must be _____. |
| | A) | EE |
| | B) | Ee |
| | C) | ee |
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35 | |
Which of the following represents a type of gamete? |
| | A) | Tt |
| | B) | TT |
| | C) | t |
| | D) | tt |
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36 | |
Each gamete has two alleles for each trait if a multiple trait cross is being performed. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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37 | |
Mendel was able to determine the probable results of a genetic cross by using a Punnett square. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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38 | |
Alleles are alternate forms of a gene which occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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39 | |
Mendel relied heavily on his knowledge of ____ to interpret the results of his experiments. |
| | A) | anatomy |
| | B) | microbiology |
| | C) | statistics |
| | D) | physics |
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40 | |
The probable results of a genetic cross can be determined by using _____. |
| | A) | a Punnett square |
| | B) | the laws of probability |
| | C) | both A and B |
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41 | |
In a Punnett square, all possible types of sperm and all possible types of eggs are placed anywhere on the square. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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42 | |
If yellow seed color is dominant over green seed color in pea plants, we could use _____ to represent a homozygous dominant yellow seed producing plant. |
| | A) | Y |
| | B) | y |
| | C) | YY |
| | D) | Yy |
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43 | |
It is usually necessary to observe a large number of offspring before the 3:1 phenotypic ratio resulting from a hybrid cross can be verified. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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44 | |
Mendel crossed his F1 generation tall plants with true-breeding, short plants. The results were a __________ phenotypic ratio. |
| | A) | 1:1 |
| | B) | 2:1 |
| | C) | 3:1 |
| | D) | 4:1 |
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45 | |
If an individual with the dominant phenotype is crossed with an individual with the recessive phenotype and all the offspring have the dominant phenotype, it would be concluded that the individual with the dominant phenotype is _____. |
| | A) | homozygous dominant |
| | B) | heterozygous |
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46 | |
The results of a test cross indicate whether an individual with the dominant phenotype is heterozygous or homozygous dominant. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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47 | |
The dominant phenotype can be produced only by an organism with a homozygous dominant genotype. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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48 | |
If the chance of E = 1/2 and the chance of e = 1/2, then the chance of Ee = _____. |
| | A) | 1/2 |
| | B) | 1/4 |
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49 | |
E = unattached earlobes. e = attached earlobes. In the cross of Ee and Ee, the chance of a child with unattached earlobes is _____. |
| | A) | 1/2 |
| | B) | 1/4 |
| | C) | 3/4 |
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50 | |
The additive law of probability states: the chance of an event that can occur in two or more independent ways is the product (multiplication) of the individual chances. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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51 | |
The mother can roll her tongue (dominant phenotype), but her child cannot (recessive phenotype). The mother's genotype must be _____. |
| | A) | TT |
| | B) | Tt |
| | C) | tt |
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52 | |
A mother and child can roll their tongues (dominant phenotype), but the father cannot (recessive phenotype). The child's genotype must be _____. |
| | A) | TT |
| | B) | Tt |
| | C) | tt |
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53 | |
If two flies heterozygous for wing length and body color are crossed, which of the following are possible results? |
| | A) | chance of L, long wings = 3/4 |
| | B) | chance of l, short wings = 1/2 |
| | C) | Chance of G, grey body = 1/4 |
| | D) | all of the above are true |
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54 | |
A cross in which true-breeding plants differ in two traits is known as a __________ cross. |
| | A) | test |
| | B) | dihybrid |
| | C) | multi trait |
| | D) | hybrid |
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55 | |
Which is a mutant characteristic in fruit flies? |
| | A) | gray body |
| | B) | black body |
| | C) | long wings |
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56 | |
How many different types of gametes can a fly with the genotype LlGg produce? |
| | A) | one |
| | B) | two |
| | C) | three |
| | D) | four |
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57 | |
When two dihybrid organisms are crossed and simple dominance is present in both genes a _____ phenotypic ratio will result. |
| | A) | 1:2:1 |
| | B) | 3:1 |
| | C) | 9:3:3:1 |
| | D) | 1:1:1:1 |
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58 | |
If we represent fruit fly traits with the following letters: L = long wings, l = short wings, G = gray body, g = black body, then an organism with the genotype LLGg will _____. |
| | A) | have long wings and a gray body |
| | B) | have long wings and a black body |
| | C) | have short wings and a gray body |
| | D) | have short wings and a black body |
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59 | |
The organism with the genotype LLGg will produce _____ type(s) of gamete(s). |
| | A) | one |
| | B) | two |
| | C) | three |
| | D) | four |
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60 | |
If the chance of having long wings is 3/4 and the chance of having a black body is 1/4, then the chance of having long wings and a black body are _____. |
| | A) | 9/16 |
| | B) | 4/16 |
| | C) | 3/16 |
| | D) | 1/16 |
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61 | |
If the chance of having short wings and a black body is 1/16 and the chance of having short wings is 1/4, then the chance of having a black body must be _____. |
| | A) | 1/4 |
| | B) | 3/4 |
| | C) | 1/12 |
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62 | |
Which of the following types of gametes is not produced by an organism with the genotype LLGg? |
| | A) | LG |
| | B) | lG |
| | C) | Lg |
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63 | |
The law of independent assortment holds true because of the separation of the homologues during meiosis I. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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64 | |
A Punnett square cannot be used to predict the chances of an offspring having a particular phenotype for a dihybrid cross. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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65 | |
In dihybrid genetics problems, the individual has _____ allele(s). |
| | A) | one |
| | B) | two |
| | C) | three |
| | D) | four |
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66 | |
If we find the genotype of an individual to be AABbcc, we've examined alleles for _____ trait(s). |
| | A) | one |
| | B) | two |
| | C) | three |
| | D) | four |
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67 | |
If a fly that is heterozygous for two traits is crossed with a fly that is homozygous recessive for the same two traits, the phenotypic ratio of the offspring will be 1:1:1:1. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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68 | |
Which of the following genotypes represents an organism that is homozygous recessive for two traits? |
| | A) | lg |
| | B) | Llgg |
| | C) | llgg |
| | D) | LLGG |
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69 | |
An individual's phenotype is only influenced by the individual's genotype. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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70 | |
Parents who appear to be normal cannot have a child with cystic fibrosis. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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71 | |
If the parents are heterozygous for cystic fibrosis, all of their children could inherit cystic fibrosis from them. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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72 | |
If the parents are heterozygous for cystic fibrosis (Ff x Ff), then each offspring has a _____ chance of having cystic fibrosis. |
| | A) | 2% |
| | B) | 25% |
| | C) | 50% |
| | D) | 75% |
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73 | |
Selective breeding can be used to produce _____. |
| | A) | crops with higher yields |
| | B) | sheep with thicker coats |
| | C) | chickens that lay larger eggs |
| | D) | all of the above |
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74 | |
To determine whether an individual is homozygous dominant or heterozygous for either of two traits a cross with an individual with a _____ genotype could be done. |
| | A) | LLGG |
| | B) | LlGg |
| | C) | llgg |
| | D) | llGG |
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75 | |
If an organism that is homozygous dominant for two traits is crossed with an organism that is homozygous recessive for the same two traits, the offspring will _____. |
| | A) | all have the dominant phenotype for both traits |
| | B) | have a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio |
| | C) | have a 1:1:1:1 phenotypic ratio |
| | D) | have a 1:1 phenotypic ratio |
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76 | |
Which of the following is a gamete? |
| | A) | LLGg |
| | B) | Gg |
| | C) | Lg |
| | D) | llgg |
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77 | |
A homozygous fly with short wings and a black body (llgg) can only produce one type of gamete. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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78 | |
If plants with tall stems and green pods are dominant to plants with short stems and yellow pods, a cross between two plants heterozygous for each trait will yield _____ short plants with green pods. |
| | A) | one |
| | B) | three |
| | C) | six |
| | D) | nine |
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79 | |
The law of independent assortment states that all dominant alleles must end up together in one gamete and all recessive alleles will end up together in a different gamete. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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80 | |
If T = tall stems, t = short stems, G = green pods and g = yellow pods, a cross between a plant homozygous for tall stems and heterozygous for pod color and a plant with short stems and yellow pods would be written as _____. |
| | A) | TTGg x ttgg |
| | B) | ttGg x ttgg |
| | C) | TtGG x TtGg |
| | D) | TG x tg |
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81 | |
Dominant and recessive alleles have the same patterns of inheritance. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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82 | |
When a genetic disorder is recessive only individuals with the alleles aa will have the disorder. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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83 | |
Which of the following is an autosomal recessive disorder? |
| | A) | cystic fibrosis |
| | B) | Huntington disease |
| | C) | color blindness |
| | D) | all of the above |
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84 | |
Huntington disease leads to _____. |
| | A) | degeneration of brain cells |
| | B) | severe muscle spasms |
| | C) | personality disorders |
| | D) | all of the above |
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85 | |
The pattern of inheritance for a particular condition is shown by a _____. |
| | A) | karyotype |
| | B) | caricature |
| | C) | pedigree chart |
| | D) | chromosome map |
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86 | |
Genetic disorders are controlled only by autosomal recessive alleles. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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87 | |
When a genetic disorder is a simple autosomal dominant and individual with the alleles _____ will have the disorder. |
| | A) | tt |
| | B) | TT |
| | C) | Tt |
| | D) | both B and C are correct |
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88 | |
In a pedigree chart _____. |
| | A) | a shaded circle represents a normal (unaffected) female |
| | B) | a square represents an affected male |
| | C) | a line between a circle and a square represents a union |
| | D) | all of the above |
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89 | |
Parents that appear to be normal but are capable of having a child with a genetic disorder are _____. |
| | A) | carriers |
| | B) | mutants |
| | C) | homozygous recessive |
| | D) | homozygous dominant |
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90 | |
When a genetic disorder is autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive, males and females are affected with equal frequency. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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91 | |
Which of the following is characteristic of an autosomal dominant disorder? |
| | A) | most affected children have affected parents |
| | B) | heterozygotes have a normal phenotype |
| | C) | two affected parents can have an unaffected child |
| | D) | males are affected more often than females |
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92 | |
Parents who are both carriers for an autosomal recessive disorder have a _____ chance of having a child with the disorder. |
| | A) | 10% |
| | B) | 25% |
| | C) | 50% |
| | D) | 75% |
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93 | |
If parents who are both carriers for an autosomal recessive disorder have a child with the disorder, there is no chance of them having a second child with the disorder. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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94 | |
Which of the following characterizes autosomal recessive disorders? |
| | A) | heterozygotes with normal phenotypes |
| | B) | affected parents always having affected children |
| | C) | affected individuals with homozygous dominant mates having unaffected children |
| | D) | all of the above |
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95 | |
Which of the following is an autosomal dominant disorder? |
| | A) | Huntington disease |
| | B) | cystic fibrosis |
| | C) | hemophilia |
| | D) | Tay-Sachs disease |
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96 | |
Which of the following is true of Huntington disease? |
| | A) | more females than males are affected |
| | B) | it is easily cured |
| | C) | it is the result of a deletion from chromosome 21 |
| | D) | the more repeats of the base triplet CAG, the more severe the symptoms are |
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97 | |
The hypothesis called genomic imprinting says genes are imprinted differently during egg and sperm formation; therefore, the sex of the parent passing on the disorder becomes important. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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98 | |
There are only three known autosomal recessive disorders in humans. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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99 | |
The most common lethal genetic disorder among Caucasians in the US is _____. |
| | A) | Tay Sachs disease |
| | B) | color blindness |
| | C) | cystic fibrosis |
| | D) | neurofibomatosis |
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100 | |
The most commonly inherited metabolic disorder which affects the nervous system development is phenylketonuria. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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101 | |
Cystic fibrosis is characterized by _____. |
| | A) | thick and viscous mucus in the bronchial tubes |
| | B) | an average life expectancy of 17-28 years of age |
| | C) | failure of the chloride ions to pass through plasma membrane channel proteins |
| | D) | all of the above |
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102 | |
Tays Sachs disease usually occurs in _____. |
| | A) | Jewish people of central and eastern European descent |
| | B) | African-American people |
| | C) | males |
| | D) | Native Americans |
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103 | |
Diet soft drinks have a warning on them that applies specifically to individuals who have _____. |
| | A) | color blindness |
| | B) | Tay Sachs disease |
| | C) | neurofibromatosis |
| | D) | phenylketonuria |
|
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104 | |
The frequency of the phenotypes of traits controlled by _____ follows a bell-shaped curve. |
| | A) | polygenic inheritance |
| | B) | autosomal recessive inheritance |
| | C) | codominance |
| | D) | multiple alleles |
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105 | |
Which of the following alleles for blood type is dominant? |
| | A) | A |
| | B) | B |
| | C) | O |
| | D) | both A and B |
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106 | |
A man with blood type AB cannot be the father of a child with blood type O. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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107 | |
If a man with blood type A has a child with blood type O, the father's genotype must be _____. |
| | A) | AA |
| | B) | AB |
| | C) | AO |
| | D) | OO |
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108 | |
The Rh-positive allele is dominant over the Rh-negative allele. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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109 | |
The distribution and variation of the phenotypes can be influenced by _____. |
| | A) | the number of genes that control the trait |
| | B) | environmental effects |
| | C) | both A and B |
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110 | |
Each dominant allele has a quantitative effect on the phenotype when the trait is controlled by polygenic inheritance. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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111 | |
Codominance in humans is displayed by people with _____. |
| | A) | AB blood type |
| | B) | color blindness |
| | C) | cystic fibrosis |
| | D) | very dark skin color |
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112 | |
An example of a human disorder that is controlled by incompletely dominant alleles is _____. |
| | A) | hemophilia |
| | B) | sickle-cell anemia |
| | C) | color blindness |
| | D) | Tay-Sachs disease |
|
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113 | |
Individuals with sickle cell trait are protected against malaria. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
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114 | |
The allele for sickle cell is more commonly found in _____. |
| | A) | Jewish people of central and eastern European descent |
| | B) | African-American people |
| | C) | males |
| | D) | Native Americans |
|
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115 | |
Genetic counseling relies on _____. |
| | A) | pedigree charts |
| | B) | blood tests for faulty enzymes |
| | C) | chromosomal tests |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
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116 | |
The inability of the dominant allele to make up for the presence of the recessive allele is associated with _____. |
| | A) | codominance |
| | B) | epistasis |
| | C) | incomplete dominance |
| | D) | pleiotropy |
|
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117 | |
Sometimes there are more than two alleles for a given chromosomal locus. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
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118 | |
If the allele for red petals is not completely dominant to the allele for white petals, when a true-breeding plant with red petals is crossed with a true breeding plant with white petals, the offspring will ____. |
| | A) | all have red petals |
| | B) | all have pink petals |
| | C) | all have white petals |
| | D) | all have red and white petals |
|
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119 | |
When the plants with pink petals (R1R2) are allowed to self-pollinate, the phenotypic ratio of the offspring will be _____. |
| | A) | 3:1 |
| | B) | 1:1:1:1 |
| | C) | 1:2:1 |
| | D) | 9:3:3:1 |
|
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120 | |
Incomplete dominance is an example of the blending theory of inheritance. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
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121 | |
Environmental influence can have an extreme effect on an individual's phenotype. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
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122 | |
The appearance of both A and B types of glycoproteins on the red blood cells of the people with AB blood type is an example of _______. |
| | A) | codominance |
| | B) | polygenic inheritance |
| | C) | epistasis |
| | D) | incomplete dominance |
|
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123 | |
In _____, genes at two different loci interact to control a single trait. |
| | A) | codominance |
| | B) | pleiotropy |
| | C) | polygenic inheritance |
| | D) | epistasis |
|
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124 | |
Albinism is the result of _____. |
| | A) | epistasis |
| | B) | pleiotropy |
| | C) | codominance |
| | D) | incomplete dominance |
|
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125 | |
Polygenic inheritance occurs when one trait is governed by many genes occupying different loci on ______. |
| | A) | the same homologous pair of chromosomes |
| | B) | different homologous pairs of chromosomes |
| | C) | either A or B |
| | D) | neither A or B |
|
|
126 | |
More than two possible phenotypes for a particular trait can be attributed to inheritance by _____. |
| | A) | simple dominance |
| | B) | multiple alleles |
| | C) | epistasis |
| | D) | pleiotropy |
|
|
127 | |
Blood type in humans is controlled by _____ allele(s). |
| | A) | one |
| | B) | two |
| | C) | three |
| | D) | four |
|
|
128 | |
Each individual has more than two alleles for a possible trait when inheritance is by multiple alleles. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
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129 | |
When there is a range of phenotypes, the inheritance is _____. |
| | A) | polygenic |
| | B) | codominant |
| | C) | incompletely dominant |
| | D) | pleiotropic |
|
|
130 | |
Each gene in polygenic inheritance has two alleles, a contributing allele and a non-contributing allele. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
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131 | |
When individuals make an abnormal form of the extracellular matrix protein, fibrillin, which affects many other traits, the inheritance is the result of ______. |
| | A) | codominance |
| | B) | multiple alleles |
| | C) | simple dominance |
| | D) | pleiotropy |
|
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132 | |
More phenotypes than expected may result from polygenic inheritance because of _____. |
| | A) | multiple alleles |
| | B) | codominance |
| | C) | environmental effects |
| | D) | pleiotropy |
|
|
133 | |
Polygenic inheritance increases the chances that sexually reproducing organisms will produce a phenotype more suited to the environment than the previous generation. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
134 | |
Height in humans is affected by _____. |
| | A) | polygenic inheritance |
| | B) | environmental effects such as nutrition |
| | C) | both A and B |
|
|
135 | |
Environmental conditions can influence _____. |
| | A) | the skin color of humans |
| | B) | the fur color of rabbits |
| | C) | the appearance of a water buttercup |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
136 | |
The enzyme which creates black fur on the extremities of the Himalayan rabbit is active only at low temperatures. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
137 | |
The water buttercup's submerged part appears different from the part above water because the two areas have different genes. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|