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What's New| In this edition of the book we introduce learning outcomes for each chapter. These can be used to guide both the instructor and the students as they study the material. In Chapter 1 we have included historical information about Thomas Huxley and his identification of Bathybius haeckellii as a suspected primordial form of deep-sea life and we have updated the information about the Argo program. A new, updated “Field Notes: New Approaches to Exploring the Oceans” has been prepared for Chapter 3. Several figures in Chapter 4 have been modified for greater clarity. In Chapter 5 the discussion of light attenuation in water has been modified and a new figure added to illustrate the difference in attenuation coefficients in open ocean water and coastal water. In addition, information on massive icebergs in the Antarctic has been updated. Details concerning El Niño conditions have been updated in Chapter 7 along with an expanded discussion of Hurricane Katrina. We have also included a new “Field Notes: The Oceans and Climate Change.” In Chapter 8 we have expanded the discussion of OTEC plants. In Chapter 9 we have included a section on current volume transport. We have updated the information about the DART program of buoys in Chapter 10 and we have expanded our discussion of internal waves. In Chapter 12 we have updated information on National Marine Sanctuaries and rising sea level. In Chapter 13 we have extensively updated information on marine pollution, the Gulf of Mexico dead zone, and oil spills. Chapter 15 has been modified to include a new figure and a new table illustrating the concepts of trophic transfers. A new figure has been added to Chapter 16 to better illustrate the complexity of the microbial food web. The section Practical Considerations in Chapter 17 has been updated with information on the world fish catch over past decades. Chapters 16, 17, and 18 have been modified to better illustrate the concepts of “top-down” and “bottom-up” controls on food webs.
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2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education