A good understanding of this chapter's content would include an understanding of why each of these terms is important to education.

Black Codes
after Reconstruction, local laws passed throughout the South that restricted African Americans' civil and political rights.

Booker T. Washington
founder of the Tuskegee Institute and a high-profile leader of African Americans at the end of the 19th century and the first 15 years of the 20th; the author of Up from Slavery.

The Crisis
a journal founded and edited by W. E. B. Du Bois shortly after the founding of the NAACP in 1910; dedicated to educating people about racial discrimination; reached a peak circulation of 100,000 in 1918.

Freedmen's Bureau
formed by Congress in 1867 under the first Reconstruction act; a U.S. government agency designed to help ex-slaves exercise new economic, civil, and political rights and freedoms in the post–Civil War United States.

historically black colleges
colleges (some of which have become universities) that were founded for the higher education of African Americans after the Civil War.

Mississippi Plan
a system of codes and laws instituted by the state of Mississippi to deprive African Americans of their civil and political rights after Reconstruction; the eventual basis for Jim Crow laws throughout the South until the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education.

NAACP
the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; an advocacy group formed in 1910 to fight for the legal, civil, and political rights of African Americans.

Reconstruction
the period mandated by Congress after the Civil War in which the political, social, and economic structure of the South would be rebuilt without slavery; lasted from 1865 to 1877.

redemption
the period after Reconstruction when the South would be "redeemed" from the federal interference with state autonomy and White rule.

Tuskegee Institute
founded by Booker T. Washington in 1881; an institution for the vocational training of African American youth that later became a major university and is now counted prominently among the nation's historically Black colleges and universities.

W. E. B. Du Bois
a scholar and political activist; author of Souls of Black Folk and numerous other books; founded and edited the Crisis, an early NAACP publication.