CHAPTER 1 -What Is Health Psychology?

Definition of Health Psychology

Why Do We Need Health Psychology?

The Mind-Body Relationship: A Brief History

Psychoanalytic Contributions
Psychosomatic Medicine

The Biopsychosocial Model in Health Psychology

The Biopsychosocial Model Versus the Biomedical Model
Advantages of the Biopsychosocial Model
Clinical Implications of the Biopsychosocial Model
The Biopsychosocial Model: The Case History of Nightmare Deaths

Why Is the Field of Health Psychology Needed?

Changing Patterns of Illness
Advances in Technology and Research
Expanded Health Care Services
Increased Medical Acceptance
Demonstrated Contributions to Health
Methodological Contributions

What Is Health Psychology Training For?

Careers in Practice
Careers in Research

CHAPTER 2--The Systems of the Body

The Nervous System

Overview
The Brain
The Role of Neurotransmitters
Disorders of the Nervous System

The Endocrine System

Overview
The Adrenal Glands
Disorders Involving the Endocrine System

The Cardiovascular System

Overview
The Heart
Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
Blood Pressure
The Blood

The Respiratory System

The Structure and Functions of the Respiratory System
Disorders of the Respiratory System
Conclusion

The Digestive System and the Metabolism of Food

Overview
The Functioning of the Digestive System
Disorders of the Digestive System

The Renal System

Overview
Disorders of the Renal System

The Reproductive System and an Introduction to Genetics

The Ovaries and Testes
Fertilization and Gestation
Disorders of the Reproductive System
Genetics and Health

The Immune System

Infection
The Course of Infection
Immunity
Disorders Related to the Immune System

CHAPTER 3--Health Behaviors

Health Promotion: An Overview
An Introduction to Health Behaviors

Role of Behavioral Factors in Disease and Disorder
What Are Health Behaviors?
Practicing and Changing Health Behaviors: An Overview
Barriers to Modifying Poor Health Behaviors
Intervening with Children and Adolescents
Interventions with At-Risk People
Health Promotion and the Elderly
Ethnic and Gender Differences in Health Risks and Habits

Changing Health Habits

Attitude Change and Health Behavior
The Health Belief Model
The Theory of Planned Behavior
Attitudes and Changing Health Behaviors: Some Caveats

Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches to Health Behavior Change

Self-monitoring
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Modeling
Stimulus Control
The Self-control of Behavior
Broad-Spectrum Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Relapse

Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change

Stages of Change
Importance of the Stage Model of Change
Using the Stage Model of Change

Changing Health Behaviors Through Social Engineering
Venues for Health-Habit Modification

The Private Therapist’s Office
The Health Practitioner’s Office
The Family
Managed Care Facilities
Self-help Groups
Schools
Work-Site Interventions
Community-Based Interventions
The Mass Media
The Internet
Conclusions

CHAPTER 4--Specific Health Related Behaviors

Exercise

Benefits of Exercise
Determinants of Regular Exercise
Characteristics of Interventions

Accident Prevention

Home and Workplace Accidents
Motorcycle and Automobile Accidents

Cancer-Related Health Behaviors

Breast Self-examination
Mammograms
Testicular Self-examination
Colorectal Cancer Screening
Sun Safety Practices

Developing a Healthy Diet

Why Is Diet Important?
Resistance to Modifying Diet
Interventions to Modify Diet

Weight Control and Obesity

The Regulation of Eating
Why Obesity Is a Health Risk
Obesity in Childhood
Obesity in Older Age
Factors Associated with Obesity
Stress and Eating
Treatment of Obesity
Where Are Weight-Loss Programs Implemented?
Evaluation of Cognitive-Behavioral Weight-Loss Techniques
Taking a Public Health Approach

Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia

Sleep

What Is Sleep?
Sleep and Health
Apnea

Rest, Renewal, Savoring

CHAPTER 5--Health-Compromising Behaviors: Alcoholism and Smoking

Characteristics of Health-Compromising Behaviors
What Is Substance Dependence?
Alcoholism and Problem Drinking

Scope of the Problem
What Are Alcoholism and Problem Drinking?
Origins of Alcoholism and Problem Drinking
Treatment of Alcohol Abuse
Treatment Programs
Evaluation of Alcohol Treatment Programs
Can Recovered Alcoholics Ever Drink Again?
Preventive Approaches to Alcohol Abuse
Drinking and Driving
Is Modest Alcohol Consumption a Health Behavior?

Smoking

Synergistic Effects of Smoking
A Brief History of the Smoking Problem
Why Do People Smoke?
Interventions to Reduce Smoking
Brief Interventions
Smoking Prevention
Evaluation of Social Influence Programs
Social Engineering and Smoking

CHAPTER 6--Stress

What Is Stress?

What Is a Stressor?
Person-Environment Fit

Theoretical Contributions to the Study of Stress

Fight-or-Flight
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
Tend-and-Befriend
Psychological Appraisal and the Experience of Stress
The Physiology of Stress

What Makes Events Stressful?

Assessing Stress
Dimensions of Stressful Events
Must Stress Be Perceived as Such to Be Stressful?
Can People Adapt to Stress?
Must a Stressor Be Ongoing to Be Stressful?

How Stress Has Been Studied

Studying Stress in the Laboratory
Inducing Disease
Stressful Life Events
Daily Stress

Sources of Chronic Stress

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Long-Term Effects of Early Stressful Life Experiences
Chronic Stressful Conditions
Chronic Stress and Health
Stress in the Workplace
Some Solutions to Workplace Stressors
Combining Work and Family Roles

CHAPTER 7--Moderators of the Stress Experience

Coping with Stress

Personality and Coping
Coping Resources
Additional Coping Resources
Coping Style
Problem-Focused Versus Emotion-Focused Coping
Specific Coping Strategies

Coping and External Resources

Sources of Resilience

Coping Outcomes
Social Support

What Is Social Support?
Effect of Social Support on Psychological Distress
Effects of Social Support on Physiological and Neuroendocrine Responses to Stress
Effect of Social Support on Illness and Health Habits
Biopsychosocial Pathways
Moderation of Stress by Social Support
What Kinds of Support Are Most Effective?
Effects of Stress on Support Providers
Enhancing Social Support

Coping Interventions

Mindfulness Training
Disclosure and Coping
Coping Effectiveness Training
Stress Management
Basic Techniques of Stress Management
A Stress Management Program
Relaxation Training and Stress Management
Supplementary Stress Management Skills

CHAPTER 8--Using Health Services

Recognition and Interpretation of Symptoms

Recognition of a Symptom
Interpretation of Symptoms
Cognitive Representations of Illness
Lay Referral Network
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
The Internet

Who Uses Health Services?

Age
Gender
Social Class and Culture
Social Psychological Factors

Misusing Health Services

Using Health Services for Emotional Disturbances
Delay Behavior

CHAPTER 9--Patient-Provider Relations

What Is a Health Care Provider?

Nurses as Providers
Physicians’ Assistants as Providers

Nature of Patient-Provider Communication

Judging Quality of Care
Patient Consumerism
Setting
Structure of the Health Care Delivery System
Patient Dissatisfaction in Managed Care
Changes in the Philosophy of Health Care Delivery
Holistic Health Movement and Health Care
Provider Behaviors That Contribute to Faulty Communication
Patients’ Contributions to Faulty Communication
Interactive Aspects of the Communication Problem

Results of Poor Patient-Provider Communication

Nonadherence to Treatment Regimens
Causes of Adherence
Patient-Provider Communication and Malpractice Litigation

Improving Patient-Provider Communication and Reducing Nonadherence

Teaching Providers How to Communicate
Reducing Nonadherence

The Patient in the Hospital Setting

Structure of the Hospital
Functioning of the Hospital
Recent Changes in Hospitalization
Impact of Hospitalization on the Patient

Interventions to Increase Information in Hospital Settings
The Hospitalized Child

Anxiety
Preparing Children for Medical Interventions

CHAPTER 10--The Management of Pain and Discomfort

Significance of Pain
Elusive Nature of Pain

Measuring Pain
Physiology of Pain
Neurochemical Bases of Pain and Its Inhibition

Clinical Issues in Pain Management

Acute and Chronic Pain
Pain and Personality
Pain and Stereotyped Responses to Stress

Pain Control Techniques

Pharmacological Control of Pain
Surgical Control of Pain
Sensory Control of Pain
Biofeedback
Relaxation Techniques
Hypnosis
Acupuncture
Distraction
Coping Techniques
Guided Imagery
Additional Cognitive Techniques to Control Pain

Management of Chronic Pain: Pain Management Programs

Initial Evaluation
Individualized Treatment
Components of Chronic Pain Management Programs
Involvement of Family
Relapse Prevention
Evaluation of Pain Management Programs

Placebo as a Healer

Historical Perspective
What Is a Placebo?
Provider Behavior and Placebo Effects
Patient Characteristics and Placebo Effects
Patient-Provider Communication and Placebo Effects
Situational Determinants of Placebo Effects
Social Norms and Placebo Effects
Generalizability of Placebo Effects
Placebo as a Methodological Tool

CHAPTER 11--Management of Chronic Illness

Quality of Life

What Is Quality of Life?
Why Study Quality of Life?

Emotional Responses to Chronic Illness

Denial
Anxiety
Depression

Personal Issues in Chronic Disease

The Physical Self
The Achieving Self
The Social Self
The Private Self

Coping with Chronic Illness

Coping Strategies and Chronic Illness
Patients’ Beliefs About Chronic Illness

Co-Management of Chronic Illness

Physical Problems Associated with Chronic Illness
Vocational Issues in Chronic Illness
Social Interaction Problems in Chronic Illness
Positive Changes in Response to Chronic Illness
When the Chronically Ill Patient Is a Child

Psychological Interventions and Chronic Illness

Pharmacological Interventions
Individual Therapy
Brief Psychotherapeutic Interventions
Patient Education
Relaxation, Stress Management, and Exercise
Social Support Interventions
Family Support
Support Groups

CHAPTER 12--Psychological Issues in Advancing and Terminal Illness

Death Across the Life Span

Death in Infancy or Childhood
Death in Young Adulthood
Death in Middle Age
Death in Old Age

Psychological Issues in Advancing Illness

Continued Treatment and Advancing Illness
Psychological and Social Issues Related to Dying
The Issue of Nontraditional Treatment

Are There Stages in Adjustment to Dying?

Kübler-Ross’s Five-Stage Theory
Evaluation of Kübler-Ross’s Theory

Psychological Management of the Terminally Ill

Medical Staff and the Terminally Ill Patient
Individual Counseling with the Terminally Ill
Family Therapy with the Terminally Ill
The Management of Terminal Illness in Children

Alternatives to Hospital Care for the Terminally Ill

Hospice Care
Home Care

Problems of Survivors

The Adult Survivor
The Child Survivor
Death Education

CHAPTER 13--Heart Disease, Hypertension, Stroke, and Diabetes

Coronary Heart Disease

What Is CHD?
Role of Stress
Women and CHD
Cardiovascular Reactivity, Personality, and CHD
Depression and CHD
Other Psychosocial Risk Factors and CHD
Modification of CHD Risk-Related Behavior
Management of Heart Disease

Hypertension

How Is Hypertension Measured?
What Causes Hypertension?
Relationship Between Stress and Hypertension
Psychosocial Factors and Hypertension
Treatment of Hypertension
Problems in Treating Hypertension

Stroke

Risk Factors for Stroke
Consequences of Stroke
Types of Rehabilitative Interventions

Diabetes

Types of Diabetes
Health Implications of Diabetes
Problems in Self-management of Diabetes
Interventions with Diabetics
Special Problems of Adolescent Diabetics

CHAPTER 14--Psychoneuroimmunology, AIDS, Cancer, and Arthritis

Psychoneuroimmunology

The Immune System
Assessing Immune Functioning
Stress and Immune Functioning
Negative Affect and Immune Functioning
Stress, Immune Functioning, and Interpersonal Relationships
Coping and Coping Resources as Moderators of the Stress–Immune Functioning Relationship
Interventions to Enhance Immunocompetence
Stress and the Developing Immune System

AIDS

A Brief History of AIDS
AIDS in the United States
Psychosocial Impact of HIV Infection
Interventions to Reduce the Spread of AIDS
Coping with HIV+ Status and AIDS
Psychosocial Factors That Affect the Course of AIDS

Cancer

Why Is Cancer Hard to Study?
Who Gets Cancer? A Complex Profile
Psychosocial Factors and Cancer
Psychosocial Factors and the Course of Cancer
Mechanisms Linking Stress, Coping, and Cancer
Adjusting to Cancer
Psychosocial Issues and Cancer
Coping with Cancer
Interventions

Arthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Other Form of Arthritis

CHAPTER 15--Health Psychology: Challenges for the Future

Health Promotion

Focus on Those at Risk
Prevention
Focus on the Elderly
Refocusing Health Promotion Efforts
Promoting Resilience
Promotion as a Part of Medical Practice
SES and Health Disparities
Gender and Health

Stress and Its Management

Where Is Stress Research Headed?

Health Services

Building Better Consumers
Containing Costs of Health Care

Management of Serious Illness

Quality-of-Life Assessment
Pain Management
Terminal Care
The Aging of the Population

Trends for the Future

The Changing Nature of Medical Practice
Systematic Documentation of Treatment Effectiveness
Systematic Documentation of Cost Effectiveness
International Health

Becoming a Health Psychologist

Undergraduate Experience
Graduate Experience
Postgraduate Work
Employment

GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
CREDITS
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SUBJECT INDEX