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These objectives are expanded from the Focus Questions found in the margins of your textbook. When you have mastered the material in this chapter, you will be able to:
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12.1 Describe the broad issues that guide developmental research. |
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12.2 Describe prenatal development and how it can be influenced by STDs, alcohol, and other drugs. |
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12.3 Describe the newborn's sensory capabilities, perceptual preferences, reflexes, and learning capabilities. |
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12.4 Explain how nature and nurture jointly influence physical growth and motor development during infancy. |
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12.5 Describe the three cognitive processes and four stages of cognitive development outlined by Piaget, and describe research that supports and contradicts these ideas. |
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12.6 Describe how Vygotsky's zone of proximal development and information-processing approaches challenge Piaget's views. |
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12.7 Describe how research on violation of expectation and theory of mind challenge Piaget's views. |
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12.8 Describe the emotional development of children, including emotional expression, emotional regulation, and temperament. |
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12.9 Describe social development, including Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. |
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12.10 Describe imprinting, Harlow's attachment research, and attachment in humans. |
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12.11 Describe how disruptions in attachment affect psychological development. |
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12.12 Describe the data relating day care, divorce, and remarriage to psychosocial development. |
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12.13 Outline parenting styles associated with the most and least positive child outcomes. |
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12.14 Describe how socialization shapes children's beliefs about gender. |
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12.15 Differentiate among Kohlberg's preconventional, conventional, and postconventional stages of moral reasoning, and explain how moral reasoning is affected by culture and gender. |
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12.16 Describe some factors that influence adolescents' psychological reactions to puberty. |
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12.17 Describe how physical abilities and brain changes occur in adulthood. |
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12.18 Discuss the major cognitive changes that occur during adolescence. |
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12.19 Explain the cognitive and intellectual changes that occur in adulthood. |
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12.20 Discuss criticisms of the mental exercise hypothesis. |
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12.21 Describe how cognitive and intellectual abilities change in adulthood, and describe the characteristics of senile dementia. |
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12.22 Discuss adolescents' search for identity. |
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12.23 Explain how emotions change during adolescence. |
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12.24 Discuss the criteria for determining if someone has reached adulthood. |
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12.25 Describe the three major developmental challenges of adulthood outlined by Erikson. |
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12.26 Describe research findings on family structure, cohabitation and divorce, and typical changes in marital satisfaction over time. |
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12.27 Describe the common stages of establishing a career, and describe sex differences in career paths. |
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12.28 Discuss the evidence for the concept of the midlife crisis and the view that dying people experience a sequence of psychological stages. |