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| 1 | Gymnosperms are plants with exposed seeds borne on clusters of scale-like structures called ________. |
 | A) | microspores |
| B) | megaspores |
| C) | fruits |
| D) | cones |
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| 2 | All gymnosperms are homosporous. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 3 | Which generation is dominant in gymnosperms, the gametophyte or the sporophyte? |
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| 4 | Megaspores occur on female cones and produce female gametophytes. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 5 | List the four phyla of gymnosperms. |
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| 6 | Which of the following characteristics is not found in all gymnosperms? |
| A) | pollen |
| B) | cones |
| C) | vessels |
| D) | heterospory |
| E) | seeds |
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| 7 | Cycads resemble ________ because they have large, pinnate, evergreen leaves and unbranched trunks. |
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| 8 | Which two phyla have flagellated sperm? |
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| 9 | Ginkgophyta consists of one species. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 10 | A plant with both female and male reproductive structures is ________. |
| A) | dioecious |
| B) | monoecious |
| C) | homosporous |
| D) | heterosporous |
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| 11 | Which phylum of gymnosperms is the most species rich? |
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| 12 | Fill in the blanks with these options: microspore mother cells, microspores, microsporophyll, microsporangium, microgametophyte.
Each scale of a male cone bears a ________, which in turn produces diploid _______, which then undergo meiosis to produce ________ that develop via mitotic division into ________ called pollen grains. |
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| 13 | Pollen is a major evolutionarily adaptation because it allows plants to transport sperm to egg without free water. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 14 | A seed consists of an embryo, a seed coat, and a food supply. In gymnosperms, the food supply is called the ________ and the seed coat is derived from the ________. |
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| 15 | What is the evolutionary significance of seeds? |
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| 16 | Ephedra is the only genus of Gnetophyta in the United States. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 17 | Pollination is the same as fertilization. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 18 | How is pollen transported from the male cone to the female cone? |
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| 19 | Describe two ways that gymnosperms affect your life. |
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