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If an effect present in multiple situations co-varies with some other phenomenon, there may be a between the two phenomena. |
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In studies of causation in a population, is an abbreviation for the suspected causal factor. |
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A(n) claim is one that states that one thing causes another. |
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An undesired trait of some causal explanations is . |
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In studies of causation in a population, a sample of the target class whose members are not exposed to C (or known not to display E) is called a(n) . |
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In a , subjects are randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group that is being tested, and the control group. If the frequency of the effect is found to be significantly higher in the experimental group, then the hypothesis is confirmed. |
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In studies of causation in a population, is an abbreviation for the difference between frequency of effect (or cause) in the experimental group and frequency of effect (or cause) in the control group. |
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In , subjects who already have some condition are compared to subjects who do not have this condition (the control group) in order to see if the condition contributes to some effect, e.g. to test the hypothesis that obesity causes heart disease. |
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In studies of causation in a population, is an abbreviation for the given or suspected effect. |
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In , subjects with the effect are compared to subjects who do not have the effect (the control group) in order to see whether the hypothesized cause is more prevalent in the former group. |
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The Method is the method of forming a hypothesis just as you would solve a crime or diagnose a disease, i.e. look for symptoms or clues, discard irrelevant ones, and find the strongest associations. |
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The reason animals are used in medical research studies is because the results can often be applied to humans by reasoning. |
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is an error in causal reasoning that correctly attributes a causal link to two events, but calls X the cause of Y when really Y has caused X. |
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is an error in causal reasoning when you assume that an explanation of bad behavior is a justification for it. |
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